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Chronic Kidney Disease

Medically Reviewed by
Dr. Aman Priya Khanna
Chronic Kidney Disease

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Chronic Kidney Disease
Medically Reviewed by Dr. Aman Priya Khanna Written by Charu Shrivastava

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Chronic kidney disease is defined as a gradual decline of kidney function over time. Excess fluids along with wastes are filtered out of the blood by the kidneys and removed in the urine. Chronic renal disease can result in extremely high levels of fluid, electrolytes, and wastes. End-Stage Renal Disease occurs when the kidneys stop working.

 

What is Chronic Kidney Disease?

Chronic kidney disease is defined as a gradual decline of kidney function over time. Excess fluids along with wastes are filtered out of the blood by the kidneys and removed in the urine. Chronic renal disease can result in extremely high levels of fluid, electrolytes, and wastes. End-Stage Renal Disease occurs when the kidneys stop working.

 

What is Chronic Kidney Disease?

Chronic kidney disease is defined as a gradual decline of kidney function over time. Excess fluids along with wastes are filtered out of the blood by the kidneys and removed in the urine. Chronic renal disease can result in extremely high levels of fluid, electrolytes, and wastes. End-Stage Renal Disease occurs when the kidneys stop working.

 

What is Chronic Kidney Disease? || image

What are the Symptoms of Chronic Kidney Disease?

  1. Kidney failure can result in the following symptoms, depending on the severity:
  2. Skin irritation 
  3. Muscle spasms 
  4. Tiredness 
  5. Nausea and Vomiting 
  6. Loss of Appetite 
  7. Inflammation in legs, ankles, and feet.
  8. Decreased or Increased urine outcome.
  9. If fluid starts building up around the heart's lining, it results in Chest Pain.
  10. Urine that is foamy, frothy, or bubbly in appearance indicates that there is a protein in your urine. 
  11. Difficulty in sleep 
  12. If fluid starts building up in the lungs, it results in Shortness of Breath.
  13. Low Calcium and High Potassium Levels in Blood.
  14. High Blood Pressure 
  15. Anaemia
  16. High levels of Phosphorus in Blood.

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What are the Causes of Chronic Kidney Disease?

Chronic Kidney Disease is caused by conditions like:

  1. Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes.
  2. Glomerulonephritis: It is a swelling of the filtering units of the kidney.
  3. Interstitial Nephritis: It is the swelling of the kidney tubules and adjacent tissues.
  4. Polycystic Kidney Disease 
  5. High Blood Pressure 
  6. Prolonged occlusion of the urinary tract caused by disorders such as Enlarged Prostate, Malignancies and Kidney Stones.
  7. Vesicoureteral Reflux: Urine flows back into the kidneys.
  8. Pyelonephritis is a type of reappearing kidney infection.
  9. Prenatal Kidney and Urinary Tract Malformations: It occurs while a baby is developing in its mother's womb.

What are the Risk Factors of Chronic Kidney Disease?

  1. Age
  2. High Blood Sugar
  3. Cardiovascular Disease
  4. Obesity and Smoking
  5. Family History 
  6. Use of medications that can harm the kidneys.

How is Chronic Kidney Disease Diagnosed?

The following tests can be performed to diagnose Chronic Kidney Disease:

  1. Blood Tests: Levels of Creatinine and Urea are analysed.
  2. Imaging Tests: To find Kidney structure and size ultrasound is performed.
  3. Urine Tests: These tests help to detect the abnormalities resulting in Chronic Kidney Disease.
  4. Kidney Biopsy: A small amount of Kidney tissue is removed and analysed.

What are Non Surgical Options for Treating Chronic Kidney Disease?

  1. Treatment for High Blood Pressure:  To lower blood pressure and preserve renal function, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers are commonly utilised.
  2. Treatment to Decrease Swelling: Frequent fluid retention is common. It results in Edema of the Legs and High Blood Pressure are possible effects. Diuretics are drugs that aid in the maintenance of your body's fluid balance.
  3. Treatment for Anaemia: Erythropoietin supplements, which are commonly combined with iron, help the body produce red blood cells. This also helps with fatigue and weakness caused by Anaemia.
  4. Treatment for Low Cholesterol Levels: Statins are used to decrease cholesterol levels.
  5. Treatment to protect bones: To strengthen bones Calcium and Vitamin D supplements.
  6. Treatment for End-Stage Renal Disease
    1. Dialysis: Dialysis is used to eliminate waste materials and excess fluid from the blood. There are two types of it
    2. Hemodialysis: During this process, a machine extracts waste and extra fluids from your blood.
    3. Peritoneal Dialysis: A dialysis solution is injected into your abdominal cavity through a tiny tube, which collects waste and excess.
    4. Kidney Transplant: A kidney transplant involves the implantation of a healthy kidney from a donor into a renal failure patient.

What may happen if Chronic Kidney Disease is not Treated in Time?

  1. Pulmonary Edema: Fluid retention causes inflammation in the arms and legs, elevated blood pressure, and fluid in the lungs.
  2. Hyperkalemia: Increase in levels of Potassium in Blood.
  3. Fragility of the bones and an increased chance of fracture.
  4. The Central Nervous System is damaged which leads to a change in personality.
  5. Anaemia
  6. Low Immune response leads to more infection.
  7. Pericarditis, swelling of the sac-like membrane that surrounds your heart.
  8. Complications in pregnancy are a risk to both the mother and the foetus.
Stages Explanation

Stage 1

Chronic Kidney Disease is defined as having a normal eGFR of 90 or above with minor renal impairment.
Stage 2 Chronic Kidney Disease, eGFR has dropped to 60 to 89 and mild renal damage is noticed.
Stage 3 Chronic Kidney Disease, eGFR is between 30 and 59 and kidneys are damaged mild to moderately. Kidneys fail to filter waste and excess fluid from the blood.
Stage 4 Chronic Kidney Disease is defined as having an eGFR of 15 to 29 and moderate to severe renal impairment. This waste can build up in your body, causing issues including high blood pressure, bone disease, and heart disease
Stage 5 Chronic Kidney Disease the eGFR is less than 15 and your kidneys are severely damaged.

 

Last Updated on: 4 June 2022

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational and learning purposes only. It doesn't cover every medical condition and might not be relevant to your personal situation. This information isn't medical advice, isn't meant for diagnosing any condition, and shouldn't replace talking to a certified medical or healthcare professional.

Reviewer

Dr. Aman Priya Khanna

Dr. Aman Priya Khanna

MBBS, DNB General Surgery, Fellowship in Minimal Access Surgery, FIAGES

12 Years Experience

Dr Aman Priya Khanna is a well-known General Surgeon, Proctologist and Bariatric Surgeon currently associated with HealthFort Clinic, Health First Multispecialty Clinic in Delhi. He has 12 years of experience in General Surgery and worke...View More

Author

Charu Shrivastava

Charu Shrivastava

BSc. Biotechnology I MDU and MSc in Medical Biochemistry (HIMSR, Jamia Hamdard)

2 Years Experience

Skilled in SEO and passionate about creating informative and engaging medical content. Her proofreading and content writing for medical websites is impressive. She creates informative and engaging content that educ...View More

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