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Hernia - Definition, Symptoms, Causes, Types & Treatment

Medically Reviewed by
Dr. Rishabh Prakash Jain
Hernia

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Hernia
Medically Reviewed by Dr. Rishabh Prakash Jain Written by Sangeeta Sharma

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Have you ever experienced a sharp pain in your abdomen while lifting a heavy object, followed by a noticeable bulge? If yes, these could be early hernia signs requiring prompt medical attention. According to a 2022 report by GlobalData, the total number of hernia repair procedures performed in India was 1,182,262 in 2022.

Hernia symptoms can vary, making early detection crucial. Read on for a comprehensive overview of hernias, including their symptoms, causes, prevention, and treatment options.

Disease NameHernia
Symptoms
  1. Visible bulge
  2. Pain in the abdomen area
  3. Heaviness in the abdominal region
Risk Factors
  1. Age
  2. Gender (Males)
  3. Obesity
Gold Standard DiagnosisUltrasound
Treated ByGeneral surgeons, gastroenterologists
TreatmentHernia surgery (open or laparoscopic)

About Hernia

A hernia develops when an organ or fatty tissue pushes through a weak spot in the surrounding muscle. This often happens in areas where the muscle wall is thinner, such as the abdomen or groyne.

Hernias can cause a visible bulge in the affected area, which may become more noticeable when standing, coughing, or straining. Although they may not cause severe symptoms at times, it is better to seek prompt help to avoid complications.

How many types of Hernia?

Hernias can be easily classified based on their location and the tissues involved. The primary types of hernia include:

  1. Inguinal Hernia: The most common type, occurring in the groyne area and more frequently affecting men. It results in a protrusion or lump.
  2. Femoral Hernia: This condition develops in the upper thigh and is more common in women. A noticeable swelling or bulge appears close to the groyne.
  3. Umbilical Hernia: Commonly seen in infants, it forms in the area surrounding the belly button and grows as a visible bump near the navel.
  4. Hiatal Hernia: Unlike other hernias, it involves a part of the stomach pushing right through the diaphragm and into the chest cavity. It does not present with any external visible signs or lumps.
  5. Incisional Hernia: This category of hernia can surface from a previous surgical incision. Generally identified as a bulging or protruding area near the surgical scar.

types of hernia image

Grades of Hernia

Hernias are graded based on their severity and the risk of complications. The common classification includes:

  1. Grade I: Small, reducible hernias with minimal symptoms.
  2. Grade II: Larger, reducible hernias causing discomfort.
  3. Grade III: Irreducible hernias with significant symptoms.
  4. Grade IV: Strangulated hernias requiring emergency surgery.

Hernia Signs and Symptoms

Indications of a hernia vary significantly based on the type of the condition. The most common hernia symptoms include:

  • A visible bulge in the affected area, such as the abdomen, groyne, or upper thigh
  • Pain or discomfort in the area around the lump, which may worsen during physical activities or when lifting heavy objects
    hernia disease symptoms
  • A feeling of heaviness, pressure, or a dragging sensation in the affected area
  • Burning, gurgling, or aching sensations at the affected site
  • Constipation or difficulty passing gas in some instances

I frequently encounter hernia cases among labourers who often ignore early symptoms due to their demanding work schedules. One memorable patient was a farmer who endured pain for months before seeking help.

After performing a successful hernia repair, he was relieved of pain, emphasising how timely treatment can prevent complications and improve quality of life.

Dr Rishabh Prakash Jain

Gastroenterologist

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Hernia Primary Causes

One might wonder what are the hernia causes and whether it affects the patient's quality of life. The most significant reason for the protrusion of internal organs is the weakening of the muscular wall.

Subsequently, it can be due to birth defects or external lifestyle changes. Curious about what these factors are? Then, let’s look at the potential risk factors associated with herniation situations.

Causes of hernia

Risk Factors of Hernia

While anyone can suffer a hernia, certain factors add to the possibility of experiencing this condition. These include:

  1. Age: As people grow older, the muscles and tissues naturally weaken over time, increasing the chances of hernias.
  2. Gender: Males are highly susceptible towards developing inguinal hernias as compared to women. It is because men have a natural weakness in the abdominal wall. This causes the testicles to descend during foetal development.
  3. Increased Abdominal Pressure: Due to regular and vigorous heavy lifting, straining, and exercising.
  4. Previous Operation: Surgical incisions can weaken the muscular structures, subsequently causing hernia.
  5. Obesity: Extra body weight puts more pressure on the abdominal wall. The extra strain on the muscles and tissues can weaken them.
  6. Chronic Cough: Persistent coughing, often due to smoking or other respiratory conditions, can strain the abdominal muscles.

hernia risk factors

How to prevent Hernia?

Prevention of Hernia image

While not all hernias can be prevented, certain measures can reduce the risk. These include:

  1. Maintain a Healthy Weight: Reduces the strain on the abdominal wall.
  2. Strengthen Core Muscles: Regular exercises to support the strength of the abdomen region.
  3. Quit Smoking: Reduces chronic coughing and improves overall health.
  4. Eat a High-Fibre Diet: Prevents constipation and straining during bowel movements.

Read in Detail: Best Ways to Prevent Hernia Problems

Hernia Diagnosis

A hernia is typically diagnosed through physical examination and imaging tests. Here are the steps involved:

Physical Examination

A gastroenterologist will evaluate and search for signs of a hernia. This may involve:

  • Feeling the abdomen or groyne area for any bulges or lumps
  • Asking the patient to cough or bear down to make the hernia more prominent
  • Checking for tenderness or pain in the affected area

Imaging Tests

Depending on the type of hernia suspected, additional scans may be ordered to confirm the diagnosis:

  • Ultrasound: Sound waves generate images of hernias in the pelvic area and abdomen. It is beneficial for diagnosing inguinal or scrotal hernias in men and for ruling out other causes of pain in women.
  • CT Scan (Computer Tomography): Uses X-rays to create detailed images of the abdominal area and organs.
  • MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): Involves radio waves and a magnetic field to generate detailed imaging of the abdominal organs and muscles. It may be used to detect tears in the abdominal muscles.

Medical History

The healthcare provider will assess the detailed medical records to understand a few factors. These include symptoms, previous surgeries, and underlying medical conditions that may be contributing to the hernia.

Diagnosis of hernia disease

How to prepare for a gastroenterologist consultation?

It is important to prepare beforehand for a consultation with a healthcare provider. Here are the steps that should not be missed:

  • Gather all important medical records and test results to bring to your appointment.
  • Make a list of all current medications, including dosages and frequency.
  • Document the symptoms in detail, including the onset, frequency, and impact on daily life.

Questions to Ask the Gastroenterologist

Before a clinic or hospital visit, patients must keep their questions ready. Here are the essential doubts that must be cleared with the gastroenterologists:

  1. What type of hernia do I have?
  2. What are the treatment options and recommended course of action?
  3. What are the potential risks of the treatment?
  4. How will this condition affect my day-to-day life?
  5. Are there any lifestyle changes I should make?
  6. What is the prognosis for my condition?
  7. How often will I need follow-up appointments?

Hernia Treatment

The treatment choice is typically based on the type, size, and severity of the hernia. Surgical repair is the definitive solution for hernias, whereas non-surgical options can provide temporary relief and symptom management. Here are the available options:

Hernia Treatment in Ayurveda

  • Snehana (Oleation Therapy): Warm essential oils like sesame oil or ghee are massaged into the body, helping to dislodge and remove toxins from the body's channels.
  • Virechana (Purgation Therapy): This procedure involves using herbal laxatives to clear the digestive system and remove excess pitta (heat) from the body.
  • Niruha Basti (Medicated Enema): Medicated enemas are used to cleanse the colon and support the digestive system.

Hernia Treatment in Homeopathy

  • Nux Vomica: Used for various types of hernia, especially when associated with chronic constipation or diarrhoea.
  • Calcarea Carbonica: Effective for obese patients with weak abdominal muscles. It is also used to treat umbilical hernia in babies and children.
  • Rhus Toxicodendron: Beneficial for hernias caused by physical strain or injury. It helps in reducing pain and inflammation.
  • Bryonia: Typically required for hernias associated with chronic constipation and abdominal discomfort. It helps in relieving symptoms and improving bowel movements.

Hernia Surgery Options

  • Open Hernia Repair: In this surgery, the surgeon makes a single large incision over the hernia site. The herniated tissue is pushed back into place, and the weakened area is strengthened, often with a piece of surgical mesh.
  • Laparoscopic Surgery : This minimally invasive technique involves multiple incisions. A laparoscope (a camera attached to a thin tube) and surgical instruments are inserted through these incisions. The surgeon repairs the hernia from the inside, often using mesh to support the area.
  • Robotic Surgery: This approach involves using robotic arms controlled by the surgeon from a console. This technology increases surgical precision and is beneficial for complex hernia repairs.

Surgical Treatments for Hernia

Read Also: Precautions to Be Taken After Hernia Surgery

Hernia Treatment without Surgery

  • Supportive Devices:Trusses, corsets, or hernia belts can help manage symptoms by applying gentle pressure to keep the hernia in place. Although this may not be a permanent solution, it provides temporary relief, especially for patients who are not immediate candidates for surgery.

Hernia Treatment Cost

Umbilical Hernia Surgery Cost ₹65,000 – ₹1,20,000
Inguinal Hernia Surgery Cost ₹35,000 – ₹1,20,000

The treatment cost of Hernia in India is variable based on the type of surgery. It can differ based on the hospital, the complexity of the case, and the specific treatment required.

The average cost for umbilical hernia surgery is ₹85,000, and inguinal hernia surgery is ₹90,000.

Risks of Delaying Hernia Treatment

Delaying hernia treatment can lead to several significant risks and complications. These may include:

  1. Incarceration: It occurs when the herniated tissue becomes trapped and cannot be pushed back into the abdominal cavity. This can lead to bowel obstruction and severe pain.
  2. Strangulation: This is a severe complication where the blood supply to the strained tissue is cut off. It can result in tissue death (necrosis) and sepsis (infection).
  3. Increased Surgical Complexity: Over time, scar tissue may form around the hernia, making the surgical procedure more complex.
  4. Pain and Discomfort: As the hernia enlarges, physical activities like lifting and coughing can be painful.
  5. Limitation of Activities: Hernias can restrict the ability to perform strenuous activities, exercise, or even daily chores.

    Hernia Treatment Delayed risks

When to call a doctor?

It is necessary to seek medical attention if the patient experiences certain indications. Here is a list:

  1. Severe abdominal pain
  2. Nausea and Vomiting
  3. Fever
  4. Signs of jaundice

Diet for Hernia

Balanced and healthy meals can play an important role in managing hernia symptoms and preventing complications. Here are some dietary recommendations:

High-Fibre Foods

Help in maintaining regular bowel movements while decreasing the risk of constipation. Some examples include:

  • Fruits: Apples (with skin), pears, berries, and citrus fruits like oranges and grapefruits
  • Vegetables: Carrots, broccoli, spinach, Brussels sprouts, and artichokes
  • Whole Grains: Whole wheat bread, oatmeal, bran flakes, and barley
  • Legumes: Lentils, black beans, kidney beans, and soybeans
  • Nuts and Seeds: Almonds, peanuts, pecans, flaxseeds, and chia seeds

Diet plan for hernia patients

Proteins

Necessary for muscle restoration and growth, which can help in increasing the strength of the abdominal wall. Here are some examples:

  • Animal-Based: Skinless chicken breast, turkey, lean cuts of beef, tuna, shrimp
  • Plant-Based: Soybeans (tofu, tempeh, edamame), lentils, beans, and quinoa.

Takeaway

Hernia is a common disease that can cause significant discomfort and complications if left untreated. Early detection and appropriate treatment are crucial. Understanding the symptoms, causes, and prevention strategies can help you manage this condition effectively.

At HexaHealth, we specialise in connecting patients with expert doctors for optimal care in hernia prevention and management. Our team ensures comprehensive support throughout your treatment journey, from diagnosis to recovery.

Contact us for personalised healthcare solutions.

Suggested Reads:

Patient Success Story - Hernia Surgery

FAQs for Hernia

A hernia refers to when an organ or tissue protrudes through a weak muscle or connective tissue. It often appears as a bulge or lump in the affected area.

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There are a variety of indications that become prominent in the condition. Common symptoms include a visible bulge, pain or discomfort in the affected area, or a heavy or dragging sensation.

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Primary hernia causes include a combination of muscle weakness and strain. Factors that can lead to hernias include congenital defects, ageing, injury, surgery, and obesity.

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Males, older adults, and smokers are typically at a higher risk of developing the condition. Obesity and strenuous physical activity can also lead to the culmination of the disease.

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To help prevent hernias, maintain a healthy weight, eat a high-fibre diet, avoid heavy lifting, quit smoking, and use proper lifting techniques. However, some hernias cannot be prevented due to genetic factors.

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Treatment options for hernias include watchful waiting for small, asymptomatic hernias and surgical repair for larger or symptomatic hernias. Both open or laparoscopic techniques are available for the surgery.

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A hernia typically looks like a bulge or lump under the skin of the impacted area. The search results do not provide specific hernia images, but a healthcare provider can visually identify a hernia during an examination.

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The typical diagnosis happens through physical examination by a healthcare provider. In some cases, imaging tests might be required to confirm the accuracy of the diagnosis.

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Symptoms of an inguinal hernia include a bulge on either side of the pubic bone and pain or discomfort in the groyne (especially when bending or coughing). It is accompanied by a heavy or dragging sensation in the groyne.

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A hiatal hernia occurs when part of the stomach pushes through the diaphragm into the chest cavity. Unlike other hernias, it may cause symptoms such as heartburn, difficulty swallowing, and chest pain.

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Signs of an umbilical hernia include a visible bulge near or around the belly button. In infants, the bulge may be more noticeable when they cry or strain.

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Hernia pain is typically described as a dull ache or discomfort in the affected area. The pain may worsen with physical activity, coughing, or straining.

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Hernia surgery is necessary when the hernia is causing pain, growing larger, or at risk of becoming strangulated. It may also be recommended for hernias that don't improve with conservative treatment.

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Hernias do not heal on their own and typically require surgical intervention to repair. Without treatment, hernias may grow larger or lead to complications.

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Risks of not treating a hernia include increased pain and growth of the hernia. Other potential complications are bowel obstruction or strangulation.

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Recovery time after hernia surgery differs depending on the type of hernia and surgical technique used. Generally, patients can return to light activities within 1-2 weeks and full activities within 4-6 weeks.

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Warning signs of a strangulated hernia include severe pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and a hernia bulge that turns red, purple, or dark. These indications require immediate medical attention.

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Non-surgical treatments for hernias are limited. For small, asymptomatic hernias, doctors may recommend watchful waiting. Lifestyle changes and wearing a supportive truss may help manage symptoms in some cases.

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Yes, it is possible, although the risk is lower with modern surgical techniques. Some factors that increase the risk of recurrence include obesity, smoking, and engaging in strenuous activities.

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References

All the articles on HexaHealth are supported by verified medically-recognized sources such as; peer-reviewed academic research papers, research institutions, and medical journals. Our medical reviewers also check references of the articles to prioritize accuracy and relevance. Refer to our detailed editorial policy for more information.


  1. Cleveland Clinic. Hernia | Cleveland Clinic [Internet]. Cleveland Clinic. 2018. link
  2. Ma Q, Jing W, Liu X, Liu J, Liu M, Chen J. The global, regional, and national burden and its trends of inguinal, femoral, and abdominal hernia from 1990 to 2019: findings from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study – a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Surgery. 2023 Mar 1;109(3):333–4link
  3. Symptoms of a Hernia [Internet]. WebMD. link
  4. Hernia: Causes, treatments, and diagnosis [Internet]. www.medicalnewstoday.com. 2017. link
  5. Mayo Clinic. Inguinal hernia - Symptoms and causes [Internet]. Mayo Clinic. 2021.link
  6. LeBLANC KE, LeBLANC LL, LeBLANC KA. Inguinal Hernias: Diagnosis and Management. American Family Physician [Internet]. 2013 Jun 15;87(12):844–8. link
  7. Hiatal Hernia Diet: Foods to Eat and Avoid [Internet]. Healthline. 2017. link

Last Updated on: 30 August 2024

Disclaimer: The information provided here is for educational and learning purposes only. It doesn't cover every medical condition and might not be relevant to your personal situation. This information isn't medical advice, isn't meant for diagnosing any condition, and shouldn't replace talking to a certified medical or healthcare professional.

Reviewer

Dr. Rishabh Prakash Jain

Dr. Rishabh Prakash Jain

MBBS, MD Paediatrics, DNB Gastroenterology, Fellowship in Advanced Endoscopy

17 Years Experience

Dr Rishabh Prakash Jain is a well-known Gastroenterologist associated with Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital, Navi Mumbai and Pinnacle Multispecialty Center, Vashi.

He has 17 years of experience in Gastroenterolog...View More

Author

Sangeeta Sharma

Sangeeta Sharma

BSc. Biochemistry I MSc. Biochemistry (Oxford College Bangalore)

6 Years Experience

She has extensive experience in content and regulatory writing with reputed organisations like Sun Pharmaceuticals and Innodata. Skilled in SEO and passionate about creating informative and engaging medical conten...View More

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