Coronary Angioplasty - Indications, Benefits, Risks, Results

According to a study by Arramraju et al., 2020, 4,38,351 coronary angioplasty procedures were performed in India in 2018. This number highlights the critical role of the technique in managing heart diseases. The minimally invasive approach is designed to open blocked coronary arteries and improve blood flow to the heart. 

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty offers patients faster recovery and less discomfort than traditional open-heart surgery. The blog discusses the procedure, types, and recovery of this life-saving operation. Continue reading to learn more.  

The coronary arteries deliver oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle and the rest of the body. They stem from the aorta, the main artery in the body. There are two primary coronary arteries: 

1. Right Coronary Artery (RCA): It supplies blood to the right atrium (upper chambers) and right ventricle (lower chambers). The branches of RCA provide blood to the sinoatrial (SA) and atrioventricular (AV) nodes. These nodes regulate heart contractions through electrical signals.

2. Left Main Coronary Artery (LMCA): This artery supplies oxygenated blood to the left atrium and ventricle (distributes blood throughout the body).

Coronary angioplasty is a procedure used to open blocked or narrowed coronary arteries. The technique uses a tiny balloon to widen the artery and improve blood flow. It is generally followed by stent placement (a small wire mesh tube that keeps the artery open).

Conditions Treated With Coronary Angioplasty

The coronary angioplasty procedure is vital for heart conditions that compromise blood flow to the heart muscle. These include:  

1. Coronary Artery Disease: It results from the hardening or narrowing of blood vessels caused by atherosclerosis (cholesterol and fat buildup in the artery wall). 

2. Heart Attack: The procedure is an emergency treatment to open blocked arteries and restore blood flow. 

As mentioned earlier, coronary balloon angioplasty is for patients with coronary artery disease. After careful evaluation, the doctor may recommend this procedure for patients with the following:

1. Experiencing angina (chest pain) due to narrowed coronary arteries 

2. Did not respond to medications or lifestyle changes aimed at improving heart health

3. Had a heart attack due to a completely blocked coronary artery

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty generally takes 30 minutes and 2 hours to complete. While the exact procedure can differ based on the patient’s condition, the general steps of the treatment are as follows: 

1. The patient is made to lie on their back on the operating table. 

2. A local anaesthetic is administered to numb the catheter insertion site. 

3. A thin, flexible tube (catheter) is inserted through a blood vessel in the groyne, wrist, or arm. It is carefully guided to the blocked coronary artery using X-ray imaging.

4. A special dye is injected through the catheter to make the inside of the arteries visible on X-ray, highlighting the blockage.

5. A tiny balloon affixed to the tip of the catheter is expanded at the blockage site, pressing the plaque against the artery wall and widening the artery.

6. Often, a stent is placed in the newly opened segment of the artery to help keep it open.

7. Once the artery is open, the balloon and catheter are removed.

Before under going coronary angioplasty, patients are guided through necessary preparations to facilitate a successful and efficient procedure. This preparatory phase is essential for reducing potential complications.

Before Coronary Angioplasty 

Preparing for a planned angioplasty surgery begins well before the day of the procedure. Patients should inform their doctor if they are pregnant. Furthermore, this phase includes discussions and instructions regarding the following: 

On the Day of Coronary Angioplasty 

Patients should follow all provided instructions closely. The following is what they can expect on the day of the procedure: 

Recovery from coronary angioplasty involves initial close monitoring and then a return to daily activities within a week. The following are the common care guidelines to be followed in the hospital and at home post-surgery: 

In Hospital Recovery

Depending on the reason for the procedure, patients may return home the same day or stay in the hospital overnight. They can expect the following in the hospital: 

1. Regular checks on blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen levels to ensure stability.

2. Careful monitoring of the catheter insertion site for signs of infection or bleeding.

3. Administration of pain relief medication if required.

4. Encouragement of gradual movement under supervision to promote circulation.

5. Providing information on post-discharge care, medications, lifestyle changes, and follow-up appointments.

At-home Recovery

Patients should have someone to drive them home after the procedure. Once home, they should follow these instructions: 

1. Drink plenty of water to flush the imaging dye from the body.

2. Take prescribed medications, especially antiplatelets, as directed to prevent blood clots.

3. Keep the insertion site clean and dry to prevent infection.

4. Refrain from swimming or using bathtubs until the skin heals.

5. Do not lift heavy objects or engage in strenuous activities for at least 24 hours after the procedure.

6. Participate in a cardiac rehabilitation program if recommended by the doctor to improve heart health and recovery.

First Follow-Up Appointment 

The first follow-up appointment after coronary angioplasty typically occurs one week after the procedure. 6 During this visit, the doctor may do the following: 

1. Check recovery progress and assess the healing of the catheter insertion site

2. Perform blood and imaging tests during this visit to evaluate the functioning of the heart

Coronary angioplasty is a significant medical advancement that provides numerous benefits for patients with coronary artery disease. Here are its main advantages: 

1. Shorter hospital stays and quicker recovery times

2. Improves blood flow to the heart muscle

3. Reduces symptoms of heart disease, such as chest pain and shortness of breath

4. Life-saving emergency treatment in the case of a heart attack

5. Reduces the risk of another heart attack

Coronary angioplasty, while a critical procedure for many with heart disease, carries certain risks. Understanding these can help patients and doctors make informed decisions about undergoing coronary angioplasty: 

1. Restenosis: The artery may narrow again. The risk is higher when no stent is used. This may sometimes require another angioplasty or alternative treatment.

2. Blood Clots: Stents can sometimes cause blood clots to form, leading potentially to a heart attack. Medicines are used to reduce the risk. 

3. Bleeding: It can occur at the catheter insertion site. 

Other rare complications of the procedure may include the following: 

1. Heart attack 

2. Stroke

3. Coronary artery damage 

4. Kidney damage 

5. Arrhythmias (abnormal heart rhythms) 

When is consultation needed with a doctor?

After coronary angioplasty, monitoring for any signs that might require medical attention is crucial. Effective communication with experts ensures timely intervention, preventing complications. Patients should contact their doctor if they experience the following:

1. Significant bleeding or swelling at the catheter insertion site

2. Chest pain 

3. Fever or chills 

4. Coolness, weakness, or numbness where the catheter was inserted 

5. Difficulty breathing 

6. Persistent swelling or pain 

7. Dizziness or fainting 

Delaying percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty can have severe consequences for patients with coronary artery disease. These risks include: 

1. Symptoms like chest pain (angina) and shortness of breath may worsen, reducing quality of life.

2. Delay can lead to worsening of blockages, potentially causing a heart attack.

3. Prolonged lack of adequate blood flow can damage heart muscles, leading to heart failure.

Cost of Coronary Angioplasty 

The coronary angioplasty cost in India starts at ₹ 1,35,000 and can go up to ₹ 4,10,000. The average price of the procedure is ₹ 3,30,000. Various healthcare facilities offer this life-saving procedure, ensuring patients can access affordable and quality care.

Factors that influence the angioplasty cost in India include: 

1. Surgeon’s Experience: Cardiologists with extensive experience may have higher fees.

2. Type of Angioplasty: The complexity, such as single or multi-vessel angioplasty, affects the cost.

3. Additional Procedures: Prices increase if additional interventions, like stent placement, are required alongside balloon angioplasty.

4. Type of Hospital: Private facilities generally have higher costs than government centres. 

5. Hospital Location: Hospitals in metropolitan areas may charge more due to a higher cost of living. 

Coronary angioplasty effectively opens blocked arteries, reducing cardiovascular symptoms and enhancing life quality. It serves as a key treatment for preventing heart attacks by improving artery blood flow. This minimally invasive procedure is crucial for cardiac health.

At HexaHealth, we connect patients with leading medical facilities for angiography and angioplasty, ensuring quality care from diagnosis to recovery. Our dedication to patient support means access to the latest in heart health treatments. If you or your loved ones are looking to undergo PTCA, contact HexaHealth for top-notch care.

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