Bone Marrow Cancer Symptoms - Know Causes, Treatment

Bone marrow cancer is a complex and intriguing disease that affects the bone marrow, a vital component of the body's immune system. This condition affects the plasma cells in the bone marrow. An oncologist can help patients understand what cancer they might have and what symptoms and treatment they can expect. 

The following article discusses the intricacies of bone marrow cancer symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment to help patients know what they can expect. Continue reading to know more. 

Bone marrow cancer is a type of blood cancer that arises from the abnormal growth of plasma cells in the bone marrow (a soft, spongy tissue, is found in the center of most bones). These plasma cells, which are responsible for producing antibodies to fight infections, become cancerous and start multiplying uncontrollably. As they accumulate in the bone marrow, they crowd out healthy blood cells, leading to a variety of symptoms and complications. 

There are several different types of bone marrow cancer. These types of cancer are based on the cells they affect and the symptoms they develop. The three major types of bone marrow cancer include:

1. Multiple Myeloma (MM): Multiple myeloma is the most common bone marrow cancer type. It occurs when plasma cells, a type of white blood cell that produces antibodies, grow abnormally and accumulate in the bone marrow.
   When the body produces too many plasma cells, it forms tumours, causing bone loss and reduced ability to fight infections. 
2. Leukaemia: Leukaemia is a cancer that affects blood-forming cells in the bone marrow, producing abnormal white blood cells. 
   1. Sometimes, the cancer may start in other types of blood cells and spread into the bone marrow.
   2. Acute leukaemias are fast-growing cancers that involve immature blood cells, while chronic leukaemias grow slowly and involve more mature blood cells.
   3. The several types of leukaemia include:
      1. Acute myeloid leukaemia
      2. Acute lymphocytic leukaemia
      3. Chronic myeloid leukaemia
      4. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
3. Lymphoma: Lymphoma is a cancer that can originate in the bone marrow or lymphatic system. The lymphocytes grow out of control and form tumours, making it difficult for the immune system to perform its functions.
   The two main types of lymphoma are:
   1. Hodgkin Lymphoma: Starts in specific B lymphocytes and includes a specific type of abnormal cell called a Reed-Sternberg cell (these cells contain more than one nucleus)
   2. Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: Starts in B or T lymphocytes.

The bone marrow cancer symptoms that a person experiences depend on several factors, including the type of cancer, its aggressiveness, and its location in the body. Furthermore, the symptoms can vary from person to person, depending on their individual condition. Bone cancer symptoms vary based on the type of bone marrow cancer. 

The signs and symptoms of multiple myeloma include:

1. Anaemia (a decrease in the number of RBCs causing weakness, fatigue, and shortness of breath)
2. Leukopenia (a shortage of normal WBCs causing frequent infections)
3. Thrombocytopenia (low blood platelets causing bleeding and bruising)
4. Bone pain or weakened bones (affecting the lower back, hips, and skull)
5. Dehydration
6. Extreme thirst
7. Frequent urination
8. Confusion caused by hypercalcemia (high calcium levels in the blood)
9. Abdominal pain
10. Loss of appetite
11. Unexplained weight loss
12. Drowsiness
13. Nausea and vomiting
14. Kidney damage or kidney failure
15. Peripheral neuropathy (weakness, numbness, and pain due to nerve damage)

The signs and symptoms of leukaemia include:

1. Fatigue and weakness (due to a decrease in normal RBCs)
2. Fever and chills (due to an increase in the number of WBCs)
3. Shortness of breath
4. Frequent infections
5. Easy bleeding and bruising (due to a decrease in platelets)
6. Unexplained weight loss
7. Bone pain
8. Body aches
9. Enlarged lymph nodes
10. A swollen liver or spleen
11. Petechiae (tiny red, purple, or brown spots on the skin)
12. Excessive sweating
13. Night sweats
14. Pale complexion

The signs and symptoms of lymphoma include:

1. Fever and chills (due to an increase in the number of WBCs)
2. Loss of appetite
3. Unexplained weight loss
4. Low energy
5. A persistent cough
6. Swelling in the neck, arm, underarm, leg, or groin
7. Swollen lymph nodes
8. Night sweats
9. Chest or lower back pain
10. Nerve pain, tingling, and numbness
11. A feeling of fullness in the stomach (due to an enlarged spleen)
12. Itching or rash

The bone marrow cancer symptoms in a child may be similar to those experienced by an adult. However, one must note that other conditions can also cause these symptoms, and having one or more of these bone marrow cancer symptoms does not necessarily mean that a child has bone marrow cancer.

The bone marrow cancer causes are not fully understood. However, genetic and environmental factors may contribute to the disease development. The following section lists the possible factors that may increase the risk of developing specific types of bone marrow cancer. 

1. Multiple MyelomaFactors that may increase the risk of multiple myeloma include:
   1. Age over 65
   2. Gender: Men are more likely to develop this type of cancer than women.
   3. A family history of myeloma
   4. A history of other plasma cell diseases
   5. Obesity
   6. Working in an oil factory
2. LeukaemiaFactors that may increase the risk of leukaemia include:
   1. Acute Leukaemia:
      1. Men
      2. Chemotherapy drug treatment
      3. Radiation exposure
      4. Long-term exposure to chemicals like benzene
      5. Family history of leukaemia
      6. Congenital diseases like Down syndrome
      7. Certain blood problems
      8. Smoking
   2. Chronic Leukaemia:
      1. Men
      2. Older age
      3. High-dose radiation exposure
   3. Childhood Leukaemia:
      1. Genetic syndromes like Down syndrome (extra copy of chromosome 21)
      2. Fanconi anaemia (an inherited condition that affects the bone marrow and other body parts)
      3. Having a sibling with leukaemia (especially an identical twin)
      4. Having another form of bone marrow disease
      5. Chemotherapy drug treatment
      6. High-level radiation exposure
      7. Immune suppression therapy (for organ transplant recipients) 
3. LymphomaFactors that may increase the risk of lymphoma include:
   1. People over 60
   2. Exposure to chemicals like benzene
   3. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy for other cancers
   4. Certain viruses, including HIV and hepatitis C
   5. Autoimmune conditions like lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjogren’s syndrome
   6. Obesity
   7. Having breast implants (in rare cases)

Currently, there is no way to prevent bone marrow cancer. However, there are some steps that individuals can take to potentially reduce their risk of developing the disease, including:

1. Maintaining a Healthy Lifestyle: Exercising regularly, eating a balanced diet, avoiding excessive alcohol consumption, and quitting smoking may help reduce the risk of developing bone marrow cancer.
2. Avoiding Exposure to Toxins: Certain chemicals, such as benzene, may increase the risk of developing bone marrow cancer. Avoiding exposure to toxins in the workplace or environment may help reduce the risk.
3. Regular Check-Ups: Regular health check-ups with a doctor can help detect potential problems, including bone marrow cancer.
4. Genetic Counselling: People with a family history of bone marrow cancer may benefit from genetic counselling to determine their risk and potential preventative measures.

Note: While these steps may help reduce the risk of developing bone marrow cancer, they do not guarantee prevention.

Diagnosing bone marrow cancer may involve multiple tests and consultations with different healthcare professionals, such as haematologists, oncologists, and pathologists. A definitive diagnosis is essential to determine the appropriate treatment and management plan.

The diagnosis of bone marrow cancer typically involves the following steps:

1. Medical History and Physical Examination: If the patient experiences early symptoms of bone marrow cancer, the doctor will ask about the medical history and perform a physical examination to look for any signs of the disease.
2. Blood and Urine Tests: Blood and urine tests can help detect abnormalities, such as high levels of certain proteins, which may indicate the presence of bone marrow cancer.
3. Imaging Tests: Imaging tests, like X-rays, MRI, and CT scans, can help visualise any abnormalities in the bones, such as fractures, lesions, or tumours.
4. Bone Marrow Biopsy: A small bone marrow sample is taken from the hip bone using a needle and examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells.
5. Other Tests: In some cases, additional tests may be performed, such as a PET scan (A kind of imaging test), to determine the extent and stage of the disease.

How to Prepare for Doctor Consultation?

Preparing for a doctor consultation for bone marrow cancer can help ensure the patient gets the most out of their visit and feel more informed and prepared. Here are some tips to help them prepare for a doctor consultation:

1. Write Down the Symptoms: The patient should list any symptoms they are experiencing, including when they started and how they affect their daily life. 
2. Bring a List of Medications: The patient must write down all their medications, including any vitamins or supplements, as these may affect their diagnosis and treatment plan.
3. Bring Medical Records: If they have had any previous medical tests or treatments related to their symptoms, they should bring copies of their medical records, including imaging scans and blood tests, to the appointment.
4. Bring a Family Member or Friend: Having a family member or friend with them can provide support, help them remember important information, and provide a different perspective.
5. Prepare a List of Questions: The patient must write down any questions or concerns about bone marrow cancer or their health in general so they do not forget to ask them during the consultation.

The following are the questions that the patient can expect from the doctor during the appointment:

1. What are your symptoms? When did they start, and how severe are they?
2. Have you had any medical conditions or treatments? If so, what were they, and when did they occur?
3. Are you taking any medications or supplements? If so, what are they?
4. Have you been exposed to chemicals or toxins at work or in the environment?
5. Do you have a family history of bone marrow or other cancers?
6. Have you recently experienced any unexplained weight loss, fatigue, or night sweats?
7. Have you noticed changes in your vision, hearing, or speech?
8. Have you experienced any bone pain or fractures?
9. Have you had any recent illnesses or infections?
10. Have you noticed any changes in your bladder or bowel habits?

The following is the list of questions that the patient can ask the doctor during the appointment:

1. What type of bone marrow cancer do I have, and what stage is it in?
2. What are my treatment options, and which is best for me?
3. What are the potential benefits and risks of each treatment option?
4. What can I do to manage any symptoms or side effects of treatment?
5. What is the prognosis for bone marrow cancer, and what is my expected outcome?
6. Are there any available clinical trials or experimental treatments that may be appropriate for me?
7. Will I need to make any lifestyle changes, such as diet or exercise, during or after treatment?
8. How often will I need follow-up appointments, and what tests or scans will be required?
9. Are there any support groups or resources to help me and my family cope with bone marrow cancer?
10. What are the next steps, and who should I contact if I have any questions or concerns?

The treatment for bone marrow cancer varies from one individual to another. Bone marrow treatment depends on various factors, like the type and stage of cancer, the age of the patient, and any existing medical conditions. Some of the most common treatments for bone marrow cancer include:

1. Chemotherapy: This treatment uses medications to kill cancer cells. A drug or a combination of drugs is given orally or through an intravenous (IV) injection based on the specific type of cancer.
2. Radiation Therapy: It uses high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells, decrease tumour size, and reduce pain. The therapy may be used in combination with other treatments.
3. Stem Cell Transplant: This treatment involves replacing damaged bone marrow cells with healthy cells, which may be taken from the patient (autologous) or a donor (allogeneic).
4. Targeted Therapy: This treatment uses drugs that target specific proteins or genes involved in cancer cell growth. Unlike chemotherapy, targeted therapy prevents damage to healthy cells. It may be given orally or through an IV. 
5. Immunotherapy: This treatment helps the patient’s immune system recognise and attack cancer cells. The therapy may be given through an IV injection.
6. Supportive Care: This includes treatments to manage symptoms and side effects of cancer treatment, such as pain medication, anti-nausea medication, and blood transfusions.

Treatment for bone marrow cancer is typically administered in cycles over several months or years. The type and duration of treatment may vary depending on the patient’s response to treatment and the cancer stage. The patient must work closely with the healthcare team to develop a personalised treatment plan tailored to the patient’s specific needs and goals.

Not treating bone marrow cancer in time can have serious consequences and be life-threatening. Without treatment, the cancer can progress and spread to other body parts, making it more difficult to treat. The risks of not treating bone marrow cancer in time may include the following:

1. Weakened Bones: Bone marrow cancer can weaken the bones, leading to fractures and other bone problems.
2. Organ Damage: In advanced stages, bone marrow cancer can damage various organs, including the liver, spleen, and heart.
3. Kidney Problems: Some types of bone marrow cancer can damage the kidneys, leading to kidney failure.
4. Anaemia: It develops when the body does not produce enough red blood cells, causing fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath.
5. Increased Risk of Infections: Bone marrow cancer can weaken the immune system, making it difficult to fight infections.
6. Blood Clotting: Some types of bone marrow cancer can increase blood clot risk, which can be life-threatening.

When to See a Doctor?

Since bone marrow cancer can cause serious complications, getting the condition diagnosed and treated as soon as possible is crucial. An individual should visit a doctor if they experience bone marrow cancer symptoms, including:

1. Fatigue and weakness
2. Unexplained weight loss
3. Frequent infections
4. Bone pain
5. Swollen lymph nodes
6. Night sweats, etc. 

Furthermore, a person should also visit the doctor if they have any risk factors for the diseases, such as:

1. A family history of bone marrow cancer or other blood-related cancers
2. A history of exposure to certain chemicals or radiation

Bone marrow cancer and its treatment may cause a loss of appetite or difficulty eating, making it challenging to maintain adequate nutrition. In these cases, a healthcare professional may recommend consulting a registered dietitian to develop a nutrition plan tailored to the individual’s needs and preferences. 

People with bone marrow cancer may find eating small meals throughout the day easier than eating two to three large meals. The following is a general list of foods people should eat and avoid during bone marrow cancer.

Foods to Eat

1. Fibre: Fibre helps the body break down food and clear the bowels. Fiber-rich foods include:
   1. Fruits such as pears and apples
   2. Dries fruits such as prunes and figs
   3. Vegetables such as carrots, broccoli, and artichokes
   4. Whole grains
   5. Nuts and beans
   6. Oatmeal and other cereals
2. Bland Food: If the patient is suffering from diarrhoea, they may want to eat a low-fibre diet or the BRAT diet (Bananas, Rice, Applesauce, Toast). 
3. Food Rich in Iron: Bone marrow cancer can cause a shortage of red blood cells. Therefore, the patient must include more iron-rich food in their diet like:
   1. Beans
   2. Lean meats, such as chicken and fish
   3. Dark, leafy greens like kale and spinach 
   4. Food rich in Vitamins and Minerals: The patient may also need daily supplements of nutrients like Iron, Vitamin D, Fish oil, and Folate to stay healthy. 

Foods to Avoid

Bone marrow cancer can make a person’s immune system weaker. Therefore, it is important to avoid any food that can make them ill, such as:

1. Raw or undercooked meat or fish
2. Runny eggs
3. Unwashed vegetables and fruits
4. Sushi
5. Unpasteurised drinks

Bone marrow cancer is a serious and complex condition that affects the blood-forming cells in the bone marrow. There are different types of bone marrow cancer, and the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment can vary depending on the specific type.

It is important for people to know the symptoms and risk factors and to seek medical attention if they have any concerns. While there is no way to prevent bone marrow cancer, early detection, and treatment can improve outcomes and quality of life for those affected.

HexaHealth is a comprehensive healthcare platform that can provide support and resources for bone marrow cancer symptoms and treatment. At HexaHealth, we will connect you with experienced healthcare providers specialising in diagnosing and treating bone marrow cancer.

With HexaHealth, you can receive educational materials and personalised care plans to help you manage your symptoms, navigate your treatment options, and improve your overall quality of life. Get in touch with an expert to know more. 

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