Radiotherapy for Cancer: Treatment, Costs, Side Effects & More

Individuals diagnosed with cancer often undergo various treatments, including chemotherapy and radiation. Radiotherapy is a common approach in over 50% of cancer cases. It employs high-energy beams like X-rays or protons to eliminate cancer cells.

Oncologists have utilised radiotherapy for cancer treatment over the past century. They have successfully cleared out misconceptions surrounding this valuable therapy. Here, we explore why cancer specialists employ this treatment and how it contributes to healing.

Radiation therapy, also known as radiotherapy, involves administering high doses of X-rays to eliminate cancer cells and reduce tumour size. By impacting the DNA within cancer cells, these rays inhibit their growth and ability to regenerate. It is often used in combination with other approaches (chemotherapy and surgery).

Doctors generally use two approaches in radiation therapy. Brachytherapy (internal therapy) involves delivering radiation from inside the body. However, external radiotherapy administers it from outside.

There are two main types of radiotherapy. According to the condition of the patient and stage of cancer, a particular form of radiation therapy is recommended. Understanding the different kinds is essential for patients undergoing cancer treatment.

External Beam Radiation:

1. Delivered from outside the body using a machine.

2. Precisely targets cancer cells while minimising impact on healthy tissue.

Internal Radiation (Brachytherapy):

1. Involves placing an irradiation source directly inside or very close to the tumour.

2. Emission of high doses of radiation to the tumour while sparing surrounding tissue.

Systemic Radiation:

1. Administers radioactive substances, usually in liquid form, to target cancer cells throughout the body.

2. Spreads through the bloodstream to reach cancer cells in various organs.

Types Of External Beam Radiation

There are several types of EBRT. These include:

1. Imrt Radiotherapy (Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy):

   1. Customises the intensity of radiation beams, maximising dose to cancer cells while minimising the impact on nearby normal tissues.
   2. Useful for complex tumour shapes.

2. SBRT (Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy):

   1. Delivers highly focused, precise doses of radiation to small, well-defined tumours.
   2. Often used for lung, liver, and spine tumours.

3. 3d Conformal Radiation Therapy (3d-Crt):
   

   1. Shapes radiation beams to match the tumour's size and shape in three dimensions.
   2. Enhances accuracy and reduces the impact on healthy tissue.
      

4. Vmat Radiotherapy (Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy):
   

   1. Rotates the radiation machine around the patient while shaping and adjusting the intensity of the beams.
   2. Shortens therapy time and improves precision.

5.  Igrt Radiotherapy (Image-Guided Radiation Therapy):
   

   1. Uses imaging technology to verify and adjust the patient's position before and during treatment.
   2. Ensures precise targeting of the tumour.

6. Proton Therapy:
   

   1. Utilises protons instead of traditional X-rays for irradiation.
   2. Allows for accurate aiming and reduced radiation exposure to surrounding healthy tissue.

7. Tomotherapy:
   

   1. Integrates imaging and radiation delivery, providing continuous treatment in a spiral fashion.
   2. Enhances precision and minimises exposure to normal tissues.

These techniques offer personalised approaches to external beam radiation based on the characteristics and location of the cancerous tumour.

Some other types include:

1. Hyperfractionated Radiotherapy:

This involves dividing the total prescribed radiation dose into smaller, more frequent doses. These are delivered over the course of a day or week.

2. Adjuvant Radiotherapy: 

It is a type of radiation therapy that is administered after primary cancer treatment. It aims to eradicate any remaining cancer cells and reduce the risk of recurrence.

Radiotherapy is a critical medical intervention used to treat a range of diseases, primarily focusing on cancer. It offers hope and a better prognosis (the likely outcome of a medical condition) for patients battling various forms of cancer.

The conditions treated by radiation therapy are:

1. Breast cancer: Radiotherapy is often used post-surgery to eradicate remaining cancer cells and reduce the risk of recurrence.

2. Prostate cancer: It targets and destroys cancer cells in the prostate, either as the primary treatment or after surgery.

3. Lung cancer: Radiation therapy may be employed to shrink tumours before surgery or as a primary treatment.

4. Head and neck cancers: It target cancerous cells in the head and neck region, often used in conjunction with surgery or chemotherapy.

5. Brain tumours: radiotherapy for brain tumours is either used as the main intervention or alongside surgery.

6. Colorectal cancer: Radiation therapy can be part of the treatment plan for colorectal cancer, targeting cancer cells in the colon or rectum.

7. Lymphomas: It is a key interventional approach for lymphomas, aiming to destroy cancer cells in the lymphatic system.

8. Cervical cancer: Radiotherapy is often used for cervical cancer, either alone or in combination with surgery and chemotherapy.

9. Bladder cancer: The therapy may be used in cases of bladder cancer, particularly for localised tumours.

10. Pancreatic cancer: It is used to target cancer cells in the pancreas, often coupled with other treatments.

The decision to undergo radiotherapy is often a collaborative one between the patient, oncologist, and healthcare team. Essentially, the type and stage of cancer, overall health, and treatment goals are considered before starting the therapy.

Individuals diagnosed with various types of cancer may undergo radiotherapy, especially in the following cases:

1. Primary intervention: Radiotherapy can serve as a priority treatment method to target and destroy cancer cells.

2. Tumour shrinkage: It may be used to minimise tumour size, making surgical removal more effective.

3. Post-surgery: After surgical excision of tumours, radiotherapy may be administered to eliminate any remnant cancer cells.

4. Combination therapy: Often used in conjunction with other cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and surgery.

5. Localised tumours: For cancers with site-specific growth, radiotherapy can be directed specifically at the affected area.

6. Risk reduction: In cases where there is a higher chance of recurrence, it may be employed to prevent the return of cancer.

7. Lymphatic system involvement: In lymphomas and cancers affecting the lymph network, radiotherapy is a key component of intervention.

8. Precise targeting: It is particularly useful when specific focusing of cancer cells is essential to spare healthy surrounding tissues.

9. Advanced cases: While more commonly used for localised cancers, radiotherapy may also be utilised in metastatic cases.

Benefits Of Radiotherapy

Radiotherapy offers a spectrum of benefits by harnessing targeted radiation to combat cancer cells. This therapeutic approach is integral for various cancer types, contributing significantly to improved outcomes.

1. Non-surgical approach: Radiation therapy eliminates the need for major surgery, reducing associated complications.

2. Minimal infection: Unlike surgery, there is no risk of infection, blood loss, or the need for transfusions.

3. Painless with swift recovery: The absence of surgery-related pain and quicker recuperation contribute to patient comfort.

4. Potential cure for localized cancer: In cases of confined tumours, radiation therapy proves to be curative.

5. Precision in targeting: Ensures maximum radiation impact on the cancer site while safeguarding surrounding tissues. Hence, guarantees selective cancer cell eradication.

6. Lower incidence of incontinence: Compared to surgery, radiation therapy has a reduced risk of losing control over urination.

7. Delayed onset of impotence: Offers a slow-onset of sexual dysfunction as compared to surgical interventions.

8. Avoidance of hormonal side effects: Spares patients from hormonal therapy adverse effects like hot flashes and weight gain.

9. Palliative relief for bone metastases: Serves as end-of-life therapy (manages symptoms and prolongs life, but not curative), relieving pain in patients with bone malignancy.

10. Post-surgery management: Used postoperative to target any remaining cancer cells.

11. Outpatient: No hospital stay is required, with treatments conducted on an outpatient basis. In some cases, patients are discharged after 1-3 days until radioactivity in the body subsides.

12. Quick sessions: Each sitting lasts 10-15 minutes, facilitating minimal disruption to daily activities.

Before undergoing radiotherapy, patients need to make specific preparations to ensure a smooth and effective process. This phase is crucial for enhancing the effectiveness of radiotherapy and minimising any associated challenges.

Before Radiotherapy 

The specialist and healthcare team provide specific instructions to follow before the therapy day. Patients should be mentally and physically ready when they arrive for radiation.  

On The Day Of Radiotherapy

Preparing for radiotherapy involves a series of important steps to ensure the effective and safe administration of treatment. This guide outlines the key aspects individuals can expect on the day of their radiotherapy sessions. 

Patients undergoing radiation therapy will receive a personalised intervention. It is divided into various stages. Each step guides patients through the comprehensive experience of radiation therapy. 

The radiotherapy procedure typically involves the following steps:

1. Consultation: Patients undergo a discussion with a radiation oncologist to discuss the treatment plan. Detailed imaging, such as CT scans, helps create a precise map of the therapeutic approach.

2. Simulation: It involves positioning the patient for accurate radiation delivery. Immobilization devices or moulds may be used to ensure individuals remain calm and stable.

3. Treatment planning: Radiation oncologists and medical physicists determine the optimal intervention based on the simulation data. Modern techniques, like intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), help adjust the dose.

4. First session: During the initial sitting, patients are positioned using the simulation setup. Imaging or X-rays are taken to ensure accuracy before administering the radiation.

5. Subsequent sittings: Individuals return for additional treatment sessions as prescribed by the radiation oncologist. Each session is typically brief, and the overall course may span several weeks.

6. Monitoring and adjustments: Ongoing monitoring and periodic imaging help assess treatment effectiveness. Adjustments to the treatment plan may be made if necessary.

7. Completion and follow-up: Upon completing the prescribed sessions, patients undergo a final evaluation. Post-therapy appointments assess long-term outcomes and potential side effects.

Following radiotherapy, a critical recovery phase ensues, emphasising healing and side effect mitigation. This guide outlines post-radiotherapy recuperation, including essential steps for both in-hospital and at-home care.

Hospital Stay Duration: 

1. Generally outpatient, but can last for a few days until radioactivity levels subside (It is considerably variable and depends on the amount of radiation you are receiving).

2. It is contingent on treatment intensity and individual response.

Lifestyle Adjustments: 

1. Adopt a healthy lifestyle, including balanced nutrition.

2. Regular exercise and sufficient rest aid in the recovery process.

Vigilance For Complications: 

1. Patients should remain vigilant for any unusual symptoms.

2. Report problems promptly to their healthcare team for timely intervention.

Post-Treatment Assessments: 

1. Regular follow-up appointments with oncologists are scheduled to evaluate treatment outcomes.

2. Address concerns and plan ongoing care.
   

Responses to radiation therapy are unique to each individual. While adverse effects are possible, not everyone will experience them. It is advisable to discuss and plan for potential ill effects with your doctor in advance. They can guide preventive measures and effective management strategies wherever possible.

The most common radiotherapy side effects affecting different parts of the body are listed below:
General Symptoms:

1. Fatigue

2. Headaches

Digestive System:

1. Nausea and vomiting

2. Diarrhoea

3. Reduced appetite

4. Abdominal bloating or cramps

Head And Neck:

1. Mouth sores

2. Pain when swallowing

3. A burning feeling in your throat or chest

Skin:

1. Skin irritation

2. Dry, itchy scalp

3. Hair loss

Urine And Bowel Movements:

1. Pain or a burning sensation when urinating

2. Frequent urination (often in small amounts)

3. Sense of urgency to pass the stool

Long-Term Effects Of Radiotherapy Can Include:

Long-term side effects following radiotherapy can vary depending on the treated area of the body. Potential consequences may include:

1. Altered skin appearance: Darkening of the skin in the target body part, resembling a persistent suntan. Increased sensitivity to sunlight and changes in dermal texture or touch can be expected.

2. Hair changes: Hair in the treated part may grow back with a different colour or texture. Permanent hair loss within the affected area may occur.

3. Skin markings: Development of red, spidery marks (telangiectasia) caused by small broken blood vessels on the skin.

4. Lymphatic system effects: Partial blockage of drainage channels to the arms or legs, leading to swelling known as lymphoedema.

5. Reproductive health impact: Potential impact on fertility. There is a risk of being unable to conceive or father a child if ovaries or testicles are in the radiotherapy field.

When to consult a doctor? 

After radiotherapy, it's crucial to monitor your health for any signs that may require medical attention. While side effects are common, some may indicate a need for prompt consultation with your healthcare provider.

Here's what you should be vigilant about:

1. Prolonged fatigue

2. Unusual pain or discomfort.

3. Difficulty swallowing

4. Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing

5. Unexplained weight loss

6. Persistent nausea or vomiting

7. Changes in bowel or bladder habits

8. Fever or other infection signs

9. Neurological symptoms (headaches or coordination problems)

10. Blood in urine or stool

11. Unusual swelling or lumps in treated or nearby areas

Note: If you experience any of these symptoms, it's essential to reach out to your healthcare team promptly. Please get in touch with HexaHealth if you have any concerns.

Delaying radiotherapy for mouth cancer, brain tumours, or other malignancies may pose significant risks. It impacts the effectiveness of treatment and overall health outcomes. Timely intervention is crucial in cancer care.

Here are the potential risks associated with postponing radiotherapy:

1. Progression: It allows cancer cells to continue multiplying, potentially leading to increased tumour size and complexity.

2. Increased metastasis risk: The threat of cancer spreading to other parts of the body (metastasis) may rise.

3. Reduced treatment efficacy: It's a time-sensitive intervention, and stalling may compromise its ability to eliminate cancer cells.

4. Limited options: The delay may decrease the availability of certain treatment options.

5. Impact on survival rates: Prompt and timely radiotherapy is often linked to better prognosis (the likely course of a medical condition).

6. Increased complexity: A delayed approach may necessitate more aggressive or complex interventions.

7. Potential for recurrence: Postponing the treatment raises the likelihood of cancer return.

8. Psychological impact: Prolonged uncertainty can contribute to heightened stress and anxiety levels among patients.

Note: Patients and healthcare providers need to collaborate closely to ensure timely access to radiotherapy. Please contact HexaHealth for detailed information.

Cost Of Radiotherapy

The associated expense of radiotherapy is significantly variable due to a multitude of factors. It can be due to the patient’s condition, the stage of cancer, the radio technique used, etc. Here is a price range for this vital cancer intervention:

Understanding the elements influencing radiotherapy costs is crucial for individuals undergoing this procedure. Here's an in-depth look at these factors:

1. Type of facility: The choice of radiotherapy care plays a role, with renowned centres often having higher associated costs.

2. Diagnostic procedures: Expenses include various investigative tests performed before radiotherapy to assess the patient's condition thoroughly.

3. Radiation oncologist fees: The professional charge of a skilled specialist contributes to the overall cost.

4. Post-treatment care: Expenses related to post-radiotherapy follow-up visits, medications, and any required rehabilitation services.

5. Type of radiotherapy: Different types of radiation modalities have varying costs, influencing the price.

6. Treatment setting: Whether radiotherapy is administered in an outpatient clinic, hospital, or at home can affect the total expense.

7. Geographic location: Treatment centres located in prime areas may have a higher associated cost.

8. Additional services: Any supportive therapies or counselling may contribute to the overall expenses.

Note: It's advisable to discuss financial aspects with healthcare providers to gain clarity. HexaHealth can assist you with a seamless experience; please get in touch with us for precise details.

Radiotherapy is a crucial intervention for cancer. It offers precision and efficacy through advanced technologies. From detailed treatment plans to high success rates, it plays a multifaceted role in both curative and palliative care. It provides profound relief and instills hope among patients.

HexaHealth stands out as a premier choice for radiotherapy with its commitment to enabling patients on their healing journey. We offer a dedicated team of experienced professionals, cutting-edge technology, and personalized care. This ensures that each patient receives the highest quality and most compassionate radiotherapy approach.