Urinary Tract Infection - Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

Any infection in the urinary system is referred to as a urinary tract infection (UTI).

The urinary tract is designed to eliminate waste and excess fluids from the body through the production and excretion of urine. The urinary tract system comprises of the following organs

1. Kidneys: It comprises the kidneys, a pair of tiny, bean-shaped organs above the hips in the back of the body that filter the blood so as to excrete the waste products (urea and creatinine) developed inside the body.
2. Ureters: The ureters are tiny tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder and transport urine.
3. Bladder: It is a balloon-shaped organ where urine is stored before it leaves the body.
4. Urethra: It is the last component of the urinary system. It is a tube through which the urine is excreted out of the body.

UTIs can affect people of all ages and genders, but they are more prevalent in women and assigned females at birth (AFAB). A UTI will sometimes occur in roughly 25% of AFAB individuals. UTIs can also harm men and those assigned male at birth (AMAB). However, they only affect 1% to 2% of children.

Every year, 8 million to 10 million UTI cases are treated by healthcare professionals.

Urinary tract infections are common conditions affecting different parts of the urinary system. Understanding the different UTI types can help individuals recognise urinary tract infection symptoms and seek appropriate treatment.

UTI can occur in the lower urinary tract (bladder and urethra) or upper urinary tract (kidneys and ureters). 

1. Lower UTI is a common infection that causes symptoms such as frequent urination, pain or burning sensation during urination, and cloudy or foul-smelling urine. 
2. Upper UTI is a more severe condition that can cause fever, chills, nausea, and pain in the abdomen or back. 

The types of UTI are further classified as follows:

1. Cystitis: It is the most typical form of UTI and affects the bladder. It can lead to signs including frequent urination, a strong urge to urinate, and a burning feeling while urinating.
2. Urethritis: An infection of the urethra is known as urethritis. It may result in symptoms like pain or a burning feeling while urinating.
3. Pyelonephritis: Pyelonephritis is a kidney-related UTI. It is a more serious kind of UTI and can result in symptoms including fever, back or side pain, nausea, or vomiting.
4. Vaginitis: Infection or inflammation in the vagina which can result in symptoms like discharge, itching and pain.

UTIs can also be categorized based on their recurrence or whether they occur in people with normal or abnormal urinary tracts. The types of UTIs include:

1. Uncomplicated UTIs: These UTIs occur in healthy individuals with normal urinary tracts and usually affect the bladder.
2. Complicated UTIs: Complicated UTIs occur in individuals with underlying conditions that increase the risk of infection or make treatment more challenging. They may involve the kidneys or other parts of the urinary tract.
3. Recurrent UTIs: Recurrent UTIs refer to multiple episodes of UTIs within a specific period. It may indicate an underlying issue that needs further evaluation.

A person's daily life might be significantly impacted by various unsettling and occasionally painful symptoms that UTIs can bring. Depending on where the infection is, the symptoms vary.

The following are the symptoms of a bladder UTI, also known as a lower tract UTI:

1. Urination may cause pain or burning.
2. A frequent need to urinate but only produce small volumes of urine.
3. Lower abdominal pain or cramps.
4. Urine that is hazy, pink, crimson, or has a foul smell.

The following are the symptoms of a kidney UTI, also known as upper tract UTI:

1. Flank pain is felt immediately below the rib cage and above the waist.
2. Chills and fever
3. Vomiting and nauseous.
4. Feeling tired or shaky

To stop the infection from spreading and leading to more significant health issues, it is crucial to identify and treat UTI symptoms in females as soon as they appear.

UTIs are typically brought on by bacteria that enter the urethra and move up the urinary tract. Normally, bacteria don't live in the urinary system. Instead, a UTI can be brought on by germs that enter the urinary tract and grow there. 

1. Numerous microorganisms can lead to cystitis or urinary infections. For example, Escherichia coli (E. coli), the most frequent germ responsible for urinary tract infections, is in the digestive system. E. coli can easily adhere to the lining of the urinary tract and spread to the urethra.
2. Bacteria like Chlamydia and Mycoplasma can bring on Ureteritis in both men and women. Both couples must receive medical care to prevent re-infection because these bacteria can be transmitted during sexual activity.
3. Due to obstructions in the urinary flow or when the urine comes back up from the bladder, certain persons may have an increased risk of infections.
4. People who are in hospitals or who are in long-term care institutions frequently acquire infections from catheters (tiny, flexible tubes that are used to drain urine) placed into the bladder.
5. Kidney or bladder infections can occasionally be brought on by germs that move through the blood or lymphatic system.

UTI Risk Factors

While anyone can develop a UTI, certain risk factors can increase the likelihood of getting one. Understanding these risk factors is essential for preventing and managing UTIs. Some of the most common UTI risk factors include:

1. Age: Older persons are more likely to get UTIs due to chronic illnesses, some medications, and incontinence issues. 
2. Gender: Women experience recurrent UTIs if they use contraception or use spermicide jelly or a diaphragm.
3. Sexual Partner: Have had a new sexual partner over the past 12 months (in some women, an increase in sexual activity might cause urinary tract infection symptoms to appear).
4. Family History: Experienced their first UTI at or before age 15, had a history of recurrent UTIs in their family, especially their mother, and suffered from constipation.
5. Medical Conditions: Men get UTIs, especially if they have problems urinating. Prostatitis, an prostate inflammation, is more likely to affect older men. It is more challenging to treat the infection if the bladder is not emptying because of the pee buildup.

People with diabetes have a high chance of developing UTIs because their urine's high glucose (sugar) content makes it easier for bacteria to grow.

While UTIs can be treated with antibiotics, prevention is always better than cure. Therefore, one can take various measures to prevent UTIs and reduce the risk of developing this common infection.

1. To flush the urinary system, consume water and other liquids.
2. Quickly treat vaginal infections like trichomonas or thrush. 
   1. Trichomonas is a sexually transmitted infection caused by a parasite, while thrush is a fungal infection caused by Candida yeast.
   2. Both can cause discomfort and symptoms such as itching and discharge, but they are treated differently depending on the underlying cause.
3. Use caution when using spermicide-containing products, especially a diaphragm contraceptive.
4. As soon as one desires to urinate, it is essential to go to the toilet instead of keeping it for long.
5. After using the washroom, one must wipe oneself from front to rear (urethra to anus).
6. After sexual intercourse, both partners must empty their bladder to minimise the risk of infection.
7. Avoid getting constipated.

Diagnosing a UTI involves a combination of physical exams, lab tests, and a review of the patient's medical history. Some of the tests that are conducted to diagnose UTI are as follows:

1.  Abdominal Ultrasound: An ultrasound imaging examination enables the doctor to examine the interior organs. There is no discomfort and no need for preparation before an ultrasound.
2. Computed Tomography Scan: A CT scan is an additional imaging test. It is an X-ray that produces 3D images of the interior of one’s body using cross-sectional photographs of the body that resemble slices. Compared to a regular X-ray, a CT scan is more accurate.
3. Cystoscopy: A diagnostic procedure in which a cystoscope (a long, thin tube with a lens and light) is placed into the urethra to inspect the bladder and the urethra for abnormalities or other underlying recurrent urinary tract infection causes.
4. Urinalysis: A urine analysis is a laboratory test that looks for different substances and cells in the urine, like red or white blood cells, illness, or too much protein. To detect the presence of drugs, blood, protein, and other chemicals, urine is broken down into constituent parts.A benign (noncancerous) condition may cause haematuria (blood in the urine). Still, it can also be a sign of an infection or other issue. Proteinuria, or a high protein level in the urine, may point to kidney or cardiovascular issues.
5. Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP): The intravenous pyelogram (IVP) procedure involves injecting a contrast agent into a vein before taking X-rays of the kidney, ureters, and bladder. The images evaluate renal blood flow and find tumours, anomalies, kidney stones, or other impediments. It can also assess other illnesses or look for bladder cancer migrating to other parts of the urinary tract.

Understanding the process of UTI diagnosis can help patients better recognise the symptoms and seek appropriate treatment.

1. Analysing a Urine Sample
   1. The healthcare provider will ask the patient to take a urine sample.
      1. To ensure accuracy, patients may be instructed to wipe their genital area with an antiseptic pad before collecting the urine midstream.
      2. The midstream collection helps prevent contamination of the sample.
   2. The urine sample will then be sent to the laboratory for analysis.
   3. The laboratory technician will check for white blood cells, red blood cells, or the presence of micro-organisms such as bacteria in the urine sample.
2. Growing Urinary Tract Bacteria in a Lab
   1. After analysing the urine sample, a urine culture may be performed.
   2. The urine culture can identify the specific bacteria causing the infection.
   3. This information helps healthcare providers determine the most effective medications for treatment.
3. Creating Images of the Urinary Tract
   1. If a patient experiences recurrent UTIs, structural issues within the urinary tract may be the underlying cause.
   2. Healthcare providers may order an ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI to take images of the urinary tract.
   3. Contrast dye may also be injected into the patient to enhance the images and highlight specific structures within the urinary tract.

These diagnostic tests can provide healthcare providers with a good understanding of the underlying cause of urinary tract infections and any potential damage to the urinary system.

If an infection is resistant to therapy, these tests may be particularly useful in guiding appropriate treatment. Consult a healthcare provider to determine the necessary diagnostic tests based on the circumstances.

How to Prepare for Doctor’s Consultation?

When someone suspects they have a urinary tract infection, scheduling a doctor's appointment as soon as possible is essential. To prepare for the consultation, the individual can take several steps to make the most of the appointment. 

1. They should note their symptoms, including when they began and how severe they are. 
2. They should be ready to discuss their medical history and any medications they're currently taking. 
3. It's also advisable to have a list of questions about the available treatment options and potential medication side effects. Some of the questions that one can ask are listed below.
   1. What is the potential cause of my condition?
   2. Will my condition go away on its own?
   3. Which treatment method would be best for my condition?
   4. Are there any side effects from the treatment methods that I would be going through?
   5. How successful would be the prescribed treatment method?
4. Finally, they should follow any pre-appointment instructions provided, such as drinking water or refraining from urinating before the consultation.

These actions can help to ensure a productive and informative appointment with their doctor.

UTIs can cause discomfort and pain for those affected. Still, prompt urinary tract infection treatment can help alleviate symptoms and prevent infection. 

The treatment of UTI varies depending on whether it has developed because of a bacterial, viral or fungal infection. Below mentioned are the treatment options for UTI.

Home Remedies for UTIs 

While antibiotics are mostly prescribed to treat UTIs, there are specific home remedies that may help prevent and manage UTIs. 

1. Probiotics: It contains good bacteria that can support the body's natural bacterial equilibrium. Through limiting the development of harmful bacteria, they might help prevent UTIs. It may be advantageous to eat foods high in probiotics, such as yoghurt, or to take probiotic supplements.
2. Cranberry Juice or Supplements: It may help reduce the incidence of UTIs because they contain chemicals that may help stop bacteria from sticking to the walls of the urinary system. Choose unsweetened cranberry juice or cranberry supplements instead if you want to avoid added sugars.
3. Use Heat Pads: Lower abdomen pain and discomfort from UTIs can be reduced by placing a heating pad or hot water bottle there. Inflammation can be lessened by heat. To prevent burns, make sure the heat is not too intense and only apply it for 15 to 20 minutes at a time.
4. Avoid Irritating Foods and Drinks: Spicy foods, alcohol, and caffeine can irritate the urinary tract, making it more susceptible to infections.

Lifestyle Changes for UTI

Below mentioned are some of the lifestyle changes that can help one to prevent or reduce the frequency of UTIs. 

1. Drink Plenty of Water: Drinking water helps flush out bacteria and other harmful substances from the urinary tract. Drink at least 8 to 10 glasses of water a day.
2. Urinate Frequently: Holding in urine can allow bacteria to multiply in the bladder. Urinating regularly is essential, even if you don't feel the urge to go.
3. Wipe from Front to Back: This simple technique may help prevent the spread of bacteria from the anus to the urinary tract.
4. Wear Loose-Fitting Clothing: Tight-fitting clothing can trap moisture and bacteria, leading to UTIs. Opt for loose-fitting clothing, especially in the genital area.
5. Avoid Irritating Feminine Products: Scented soaps, powders, and other feminine hygiene products can irritate the urinary tract and increase the risk of UTIs. Stick to mild, unscented products.
6. Maintain Proper Hygiene: Keep the genital area clean and dry—shower instead of taking baths, which can introduce bacteria into the urinary tract.

Ayurvedic Treatment for UTIs

Herbal treatments for UTIs are available and can be effective without side effects. Certain herbs have been identified to manage urinary tract infections and other disorders.

1. Urinary antiseptic and anti-adhesion herbs, such as Juniperus spp., Vaccinium macrocarpon, Salvia officinalis, Punica granatum, Tribulus terrestris, Terminalia chebula, Ocimum sanctum, Cinnamomum cassia, Azadirachta indica, and Ocimum sanctum are effective against major urinary tract pathogens.
2. Bladder protective herbs, such as Equisetum arvense, Hydrangea petiolaris, and Zea mays, can control bladder function and protect from infections.
3. Kidney care herbs, such as Boerhaavia diffusa, Eupatorium purpureum, Agropyron repens, and Berberis vulgaris, can help promote kidney health.
4. Herbs for symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia include Serenoa repens and Prunus africana.
5. These herbs contain different phytoconstituents and may offer an alternative to antibiotics when dealing with uropathogenic resistance during a UTI.

UTI Treatment with Antibiotics

Oral antibiotics are typically effective in treating lower tract UTIs. Intravenous antibiotics are necessary for upper tract UTIs. However, one’s veins are directly injected with these antibiotics.

Bacteria can occasionally become resistant to antibiotics. The doctor will most likely prescribe the least therapy time to lower the risk of developing antibiotic resistance. The average length of treatment is one week.

The doctor can choose an antibiotic therapy like:

1. Sulfonamides (sulfa drugs), such as sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim.
2. Amoxicillin.
3. Cephalosporins.

It will be most effective against the particular strain of bacteria causing the infection with the help of the findings from the urine culture.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) affect people of all ages and genders. Although they can often be treated with antibiotics, UTIs can lead to complications if left untreated. Delayed treatment can result in a more severe infection, making it harder to manage and potentially causing permanent damage to the urinary system.

Understanding the potential risks and complications associated with UTIs can help individuals take steps to prevent these infections and seek prompt medical treatment if necessary.

1. Kidney Damage: UTIs that spread to the kidneys can cause severe damage, including kidney scarring, impaired kidney function, and even kidney failure.
2. Sepsis: In severe cases, UTIs can lead to sepsis, a serious life-threatening condition in which the body's immune system is disrupted, causing inflammation and organ damage.
3. Recurrent Infections: Some people are more prone to UTIs than others and may experience recurrent infections, leading to chronic kidney infections and other complications.
4. Pregnancy Complications: UTIs during pregnancy can increase the risk of preterm labour, low birth weight, and other complications.
5. Urinary Retention: In rare cases, urinary tract infections can cause urinary retention, which is the inability to empty the bladder fully. This can lead to further complications, such as bladder damage and infections.
6. Increased Risk of Developing Kidney Stones: UTIs can raise the risk of developing kidney stones, which can be painful and require medical intervention.
7. Urosepsis: If a urinary tract infection spreads to the bloodstream, it can lead to urosepsis, a severe and potentially life-threatening condition. Symptoms of urosepsis can include fever, rapid heartbeat, confusion, and low blood pressure.
8. Reduced Quality of Life: Chronic or recurrent UTIs can significantly impact a person's quality of life, causing pain, discomfort, and other symptoms that can interfere with daily activities and overall well-being.
9. Antibiotic Resistance: Overusing antibiotics to treat UTIs may form antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which can be much more challenging.

When to See a Doctor?

It's essential to seek medical attention if anyone experiences the following symptoms of a urinary tract infection:

1. Persistent or worsening pain or burning during urination.
2. Frequent urge to urinate, even if only small amounts of urine are produced.
3. Pain or pressure in the lower part of the abdomen or back.
4. Cloudy, strong-smelling, or discoloured urine.
5. Blood in the urine.
6. Fever or chills.
7. Nausea or vomiting.

Diet is essential in preventing and managing urinary tract infections (UTIs). However, certain foods and beverages can irritate the bladder or promote bacterial growth. In contrast, others can support a healthy urinary system.

While a specific diet may not cure a urinary tract infection (UTI), certain foods and beverages may help prevent or alleviate UTI symptoms. Here are some dietary recommendations for UTIs:

1. Stay Hydrated: Drink more water to help flush out bacteria from the urinary tract.
2. Increase Vitamin C Intake: Vitamin C can help boost the immune system and make the urine more acidic, which can help prevent the growth of bacteria. Foods rich in vitamin C include oranges, kiwis, strawberries, and grapefruit.
3. Incorporate Probiotics: Probiotics can help restore the natural balance of bacteria in the body and prevent the growth of harmful bacteria. Yoghurt, kefir, and fermented foods like sauerkraut are good sources of probiotics.
4. Eat Garlic: Garlic has antimicrobial properties that can help prevent the growth of bacteria. Add garlic to the diet by adding it to meals or taking garlic supplements after consulting a healthcare provider.
5. Eat a Balanced Diet: Fruits, vegetables, lean protein, whole grains, and healthy fats can support overall health and help prevent UTIs. Aim for various colourful fruits and vegetables, such as berries, citrus fruits, leafy greens, and bell peppers.
6. Consider Cranberries: Cranberries contain compounds that prevent bacteria from sticking to the bladder wall, reducing the risk of UTIs. Cranberry juice or taking cranberry supplements may be helpful but talk to the healthcare provider first.
7. Limit Sugar Intake: Sugar can promote the growth of harmful bacteria, increasing the risk of UTIs. Limit the sugary and drink intake, and opt for healthier alternatives like fruit or unsweetened tea.
8. Don't Skip Meals: Skipping meals may lead to low blood sugar, weaken the immune system and increase the risk of UTIs. Make sure to eat regular, balanced meals and snacks throughout the day.
9. Avoid Irritants: Some specific foods and drinks can irritate the bladder and worsen UTI. It is recommended to avoid alcohol, caffeine, spicy foods, citrus fruits, and carbonated beverages.

It is important to note that dietary changes alone may not be sufficient to treat a UTI. Consult with a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment.

In conclusion, urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common and can cause discomfort and inconvenience. It is important to seek medical attention for proper diagnosis and treatment. Antibiotics prescribed by healthcare professionals are typically the most effective way to treat UTIs and prevent complications. 

Alongside medical treatment, certain home remedies such as increasing water intake, consuming cranberry products, using heat therapy, and incorporating probiotics may provide additional support and relief from UTI symptoms. 

If you or any of your loved ones have any doubts or are facing symptoms related to UTI, experienced professionals at HexaHealth can help diagnose and treat severe UTI issues with ease. Contact our dedicated teams today and book your consultation.