Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

IBD is a chronic medical disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. It involves a dysregulated immune response that mistakenly attacks the digestive tract. This leads to inflammation, ulcers, and other complications.

The inflammatory bowel disease involves a group of chronic conditions that affect the digestive tract. There are two main types of IBD:

• Ulcerative Colitis: Characterised by irritation, swelling, and ulcers. It arises in the walls of the colon (the longest portion of the large intestine) and rectum (end of the colon).
• Crohn's Disease: Involves inflammation of the lining of the digestive tract. It can occur in the mouth or the anus, often penetrating deep into the affected tissues.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease Grades

Inflammatory bowel disease progression can be categorised into grades ranging from mild to severe. Each level indicates the severity of symptoms and the extent of inflammation. The stages are as follows:

Inflammatory bowel disease symptoms are primarily associated with the digestive tract and can vary in severity and duration. Recognising these indicators helps in timely diagnosis and treatment.

Below mentioned are a few IBD symptoms and signs:

• Abdominal Discomfort: Pain and cramping are the earliest and most persistent symptoms, localised in the lower abdomen.
• Diarrhoea: Frequent and urgent bowel movements, sometimes accompanied by blood in stool, ulcers, and mucous.
• Weight Loss: Occurs due to decreased appetite and malabsorption of nutrients.
• Fatigue: Persistent tiredness, possibly due to anaemia and malnutrition.
• Fever: Temperature may get high during flare-ups or due to the immune response to inflammation.

The exact inflammatory bowel disease causes remain unclear. However, it can result from a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and immunological factors.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease Risk Factors

Various factors can increase an individual's susceptibility to developing inflammatory bowel disease. Identifying them is crucial for understanding the disease's onset and progression.

Following IBD risk factors are commonly observed:

• Family history: Having a close relative with IBD enhances the chances of developing the condition due to shared genetic predispositions.
• Age: IBD most commonly occurs in adolescents and young adults. People aged 60 years and older are also more prone to developing this disease.
• Diet: A high intake of processed foods and saturated fats significantly increases the risk of IBD.
  
  
• Smoking: This doubles the risk of developing Crohn's disease by disrupting the functioning of the immune system and the intestinal barrier.
• Medications: Prolonged use of NSAIDs has been associated with an increased risk of developing IBD.
• Immune System Dysfunction: Abnormal immune responses in the gastrointestinal tract can lead to chronic inflammation.

As stated before, the exact IBD causes are unknown. However, lifestyle changes may help reduce the risk of developing the condition or alleviate symptoms.

Check the table below to understand the prevention of inflammatory bowel disease measures.

Inflammatory bowel disease diagnosis involves a multifaceted approach combining patient history, clinical examination, and various investigations.

The step-by-step breakdown of the diagnosis of IBD is provided below.

1. Patient History: The physician will gather detailed information about the patient's symptoms. This includes the onset and frequency of abdominal pain, diarrhoea, rectal bleeding, and other relevant symptoms. A family history of IBD or other autoimmune diseases is also assessed.
2. Clinical Examination: Physical tests may reveal abdominal tenderness, palpable masses, or malnutrition. A digital rectal examination is performed to assess for rectal bleeding, inflammation, or masses.
   
   

   
   

3. Investigations: Certain examinations may be conducted by the medical professional to diagnose the issue more clearly. These include:

• Blood Tests: This involves a complete blood count (CBC) to assess for anaemia or infection. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) are done to measure inflammation levels.
• Stool Tests: Helps check for signs of infection, inflammation, or blood in the stool.
• Endoscopic Procedures: Colonoscopy or flexible sigmoidoscopy may be performed to visualise the colon and terminal ileum directly. Doctors obtain tissue samples (biopsy) for microscopic examination and assess disease severity and extent.
• Imaging Tests: Ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI may be performed to visualise the gastrointestinal tract.

  
  

Note: Specific tests advised or prescribed may vary depending on individual patient characteristics, symptoms, and clinical findings.

How to prepare for the doctor’s consultation?

Preparing for a gastroenterologist's consultation is essential to make the most of the appointment and ensure effective communication with the healthcare provider. The key steps to consider are:

1. The GI doctor will inquire about the medical history and perform necessary examinations.
   • Expect them to ask about medical concerns, symptoms, and medical history
   • Be prepared for a physical examination, which may involve palpation, auscultation, or other diagnostic procedures
   • Discuss treatment options

2. During medical consultation, asking queries can enhance the understanding of health conditions.
   • Are there any lifestyle changes or alternative medicine that could help manage my condition
   • What are the available treatment options for my condition?
   • What are the benefits and potential side effects of each treatment option?

When managing inflammatory bowel disease, various treatment options can be considered. These address IBD symptoms and improve quality of life.

The overview of the different inflammatory bowel disease treatment approaches is as follows:

Nonsurgical Options

In managing IBD, nonsurgical options contribute significantly to alleviating symptoms and improving quality of life.

1. Home Remedies / Naturopathy: For acute pain relief, applying heat packs to the abdomen can help alleviate discomfort.

2. Lifestyle Changes: Avoiding dairy, spicy or high-fibre foods with adequate water or herbal tea intake is recommended. Regular exercise can reduce inflammation.

3. Ayurveda and Homoeopathy: It may offer symptom relief for some individuals. However, efficacy varies and should be used under the guidance of a qualified practitioner.

4. Medications: Aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, immunomodulators, and biologic therapies targeting specific inflammatory pathways.

Surgical Approaches

It may be considered for severe cases of IBD that do not respond to traditional treatment. Common procedures include colectomy (removal of part or all of the colon) and strictureplasty (widening narrow segments of the intestine).

Special Cases

Pregnant women and children with IBD require specialised care to manage symptoms while ensuring safety.

Note: The selection of treatment methods depends on the patient’s health condition and doctor's opinion.

As a gastroenterologist, I recently cared for a young patient with a particularly severe case of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), where every meal became a source of pain and anxiety. Her condition was complex, involving both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, which made treatment challenging.

After months of personalised therapy and adjustments, seeing her regain her strength and enjoy her favourite foods again was incredibly rewarding. IBD can feel like an overwhelming battle, but with the right approach, we can reclaim not just your health but your joy in life. Moments like these remind me that every effort is worth it when I see the smile of relief on my patient's face.

- Dr. Rishabh Prakash Jain

Gastroenterologist

Estimated Costs of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Treatment

The estimated costs of IBD treatment can vary widely depending on factors such as the severity of the condition. A general overview of potential expenses associated with treatment are:

Note: The values listed below are estimated and subject to change. They can vary depending on the treatment location, surgeon, technique used, etc.

Delaying treatment for inflammatory bowel disease causes various complications that significantly impact a patient's health and well-being. The breakdown of the risks associated with postponing treatment is given below:

• Increased Risk of Bowel Stenosis: Prolonged inflammation in the intestines can lead to narrowing or stenosis of the bowel. This may cause bowel obstruction and severe abdominal pain.
• Fistula and Abscess Formation: Untreated IBD may result in the formation of abnormal connections (fistulas), leading to abscesses and recurrent infections.
• Development of Arthritis: Inflammation can extend beyond the digestive tract, leading to joint swelling. This causes pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility.
• Skin Conditions: IBD can be associated with various dermatological manifestations, including psoriasis, which may worsen with untreated inflammation.

When to consult a GI doctor?

Knowing indications to consult a gastrointestinal doctor ensures timely management and prevents potential complications. The scenarios that warrant consultation with a healthcare professional are:

• Persistent abdominal pain or cramping
• Frequent diarrhoea or blood in stool
• Unexplained weight loss
• Low-grade fever (99.5 to 100 F)
• Fatigue or weakness
• Recurring nausea or vomiting
• Changes in bowel habits for more than a week

An Inflammatory Bowel Disease diet involves eating foods that can help manage symptoms and promote gut health. Below is a guide to food choices that emphasises both what to include and what to avoid.

Living with inflammatory bowel disease presents challenges, as its unpredictable nature can significantly impact daily life. However, understanding the triggers, coupled with effective management strategies, can assist in easing the issue.

At HexaHealth, we recognise the complexities of IBD and the importance of personalised care. We provide inflammatory bowel disease treatment to help patients effectively manage their condition. So, why wait? Contact us today!

Suggested Reads

• Rectal cancer
• Home remedies for blood in stool
• Anal fistula
• Constipation