Cancer Screening Tests for Males

Cancer screening tests are designed to detect the presence of cancer in individuals who are otherwise asymptomatic and at a higher risk of developing certain types of cancer, such as those who have a family history of the disease or who have certain genetic predispositions.

1. The goal of these tests is to rule out cancer in its earliest stages. Thereby helping a person fight off cancer successfully. 
2. The best cancer screening tests are those that are effective in detecting cancer at an early stage and appropriate for the individual's age, sex, risk factors, and personal preferences.

Cancer screening tests are important for males because they can help detect cancer at an early stage when it is often more treatable. Early detection and treatment can greatly improve outcomes for individuals with cancer and may even result in a cure.

Here are a few key benefits of cancer screening tests for males:

1. Detects cancer early: Screening tests are designed to detect cancer before symptoms appear, which can increase the chances of early treatment and better outcomes.
2. Increases treatment options: Early detection of cancer can increase the number of treatment options available, as well as the likelihood of a successful outcome.
3. Improves survival rates: Early detection of cancer can improve survival rates and quality of life for individuals with cancer.
4. Reduces anxiety: Screening tests can provide peace of mind by ruling out the presence of cancer or by detecting it early.

Cancer screening tests for males typically involve a physical examination, blood tests, and imaging studies such as X-rays, MRI or CT scans. Below is a list of cancer screening tests for males for the most common cancers that develop in males: 

Prostate Cancer 

Prostate cancer is the second most frequent type of cancer affecting the male population globally. As stated by the World Cancer Research Fund International, prostate cancer is responsible for 15.1% of cancer in men.

Older men are at a higher risk of developing prostate cancer. Thus, it is essential to undergo regular prostate cancer screening tests. The below screening tests are performed to detect prostate cancer:

1. Prostate Specific Antigen Test (PSA Test): This test measures the levels of PSA (a protein produced by the cells of the prostate gland) in the blood.
   1. The normal range for PSA levels can vary depending on the individual's age and other factors, but a level of 4 ng/mL or lower is generally considered normal, and anything above this range might be an indication of prostate cancer.
   2. Prerequisites: for undergoing a PSA test, you should not have:
      1. Ejaculated in last 48 hours
      2. Urinary infection
      3. Exercised strenuously in the last 48 hours
      4. Undergone prostate biopsy in last 6 weeks
   3. Advantages: The PSA test is non-invasive, quick, and can detect elevated PSA levels that may indicate the presence of prostate cancer.
      Early detection of prostate cancer through the PSA test can increase the number of treatment options available and improve outcomes.
   4. Disadvantages:
      1. The PSA test is not a diagnostic test and can produce false positive results, leading to unnecessary biopsies and anxiety.
      2. The test can also produce false negative results, leading to a false sense of security. 
      3. Elevated PSA levels can also be caused by other non-cancerous conditions, such as an enlarged prostate or prostatitis.

Things to Note: 1 out of 7 prostate cancer patients show normal PSA levels. In contrast, 3 in 4 males with elevated PSA levels won’t have prostate cancer. Therefore, PSA tests aren’t always reliable.

2. Digital Rectal Examination (DRE): As the prostate is an internal gland, the doctors might check for any signs of prostate cancer through a manual test. This screening test is termed Digital Rectal Exam (DRE).
   In DRE, the doctors examine the patient’s rectum with a gloved finger.
   1. During a DRE, the prostate gland should feel firm and smooth, with no lumps or hard areas.
      If the doctor experiences any hardness or lump on/around the rectum, it might signify prostate cancer. However, doctors may also suggest other male cancer screening tests for prostate cancer to be completely sure.
   2. Prerequisites: A DRE should only be performed by a qualified healthcare provider, such as a doctor or nurse practitioner, and requires a degree of privacy and a relaxed rectal muscle.
   3. Advantages: The DRE is a quick, simple, and non-invasive test that can help detect signs of prostate cancer and other conditions, such as an enlarged prostate.
   4. Disadvantages:
      1. The DRE may be uncomfortable or painful for some men, and some may find it embarrassing. 
      2. Additionally, the accuracy of the test can be limited by factors such as the position of the prostate gland or the skill of the healthcare provider performing the exam

Things to Note: Some patients may have normal prostate even after having prostate cancer. 

Skin Cancer

Skin cancer is the abnormal growth of the cells on the skin. It usually happens when a person is exposed to harmful rays of the sun, i.e. Ultraviolet (UV) rays. Among all skin cancers, melanoma is considered to be the deadliest.

If a man notices something unusual on the skin, he must consult a doctor immediately. The following male cancer screening tests for skin cancer can help to detect cancer early.

1. Skin Exam: A healthcare professional will visually inspect the skin, looking for any changes in size, shape, colour, or texture of moles or other skin markings. They may also examine areas of the body that are not easily visible, such as the scalp, back, and legs.
   1. Any moles, freckles, and other skin markings that are new, changing, or suspicious in appearance could be a lesion.
   2. Prerequisites: No special preparation is required for a skin exam. The test should only be performed by a qualified healthcare professional, such as a dermatologist, in a medical setting.
   3. Advantages: A skin exam is a non-invasive and painless diagnostic test that can identify skin cancer in its early stages when it is most treatable. It is also a quick and efficient way to monitor the skin for changes or new growth.
   4. Disadvantages:
      1. A skin exam is not a substitute for a biopsy, and a biopsy may still be required to confirm a diagnosis. 
      2. Additionally, the accuracy of the test can be limited by the skill of the healthcare professional performing the exam and the visibility of the skin surface.
2. Biopsy: If a skin lesion is suspected to be cancerous, a biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis. This involves removing a small tissue sample from the lesion for laboratory analysis.
   1. The normal range of a biopsy depends on the type of biopsy and the medical condition that is being diagnosed. In general, a biopsy sample should be large enough to diagnose the condition accurately but small enough to minimise discomfort or risk to the patient.
   2. Prerequisites: A biopsy may require special preparation, such as fasting or discontinuing certain medications. The procedure should only be performed by a qualified healthcare professional, such as a doctor or nurse practitioner, in a medical setting with appropriate equipment and facilities.
   3. Advantages: A biopsy is a quick and reliable way to diagnose various medical conditions, including cancer, and can provide valuable information for treatment planning.
   4. Disadvantages:
      1. A biopsy may cause discomfort or pain, and there is a small risk of bleeding, infection, or scarring. 
      2. Additionally, the accuracy of the test can be limited by the size and quality of the biopsy sample, as well as the skill of the healthcare professional performing the procedure.

Things to Note: Some scars can still form no matter how slight cuts a doctor gives during a biopsy.

Lung Cancer

Lung cancer is fatal cancer that affects men. It usually happens due to heavy smoking. Hence, men who have been smoking for a long time are at a higher risk of developing lung cancer. The following lung cancer screening tests for males include:

1. Low-Dose Computed Tomography (LDCT): This is a diagnostic test that uses a low dose of radiation (x-rays) to produce detailed images of the lungs and detect lung cancer in its early stages.
   1. LDCT uses a low dose of radiation to produce detailed images of the lungs. A radiologist typically interprets the test results, and any suspicious areas are reported to the healthcare provider.
   2. Prerequisites: No special preparation is required for LDCT. 
      1. However, it is important to inform the healthcare provider of any medical conditions, allergies, or medications before the test.
      2. Wear simple clothing.
      3. Wearing jewellery or metals is strictly prohibited
   3. Advantages: LDCT is a non-invasive and painless test that can detect lung cancer in its early stages when it is most treatable. It is also a quick and efficient way to monitor the lungs for changes or new growth.
   4. Disadvantages: 
      1. LDCT exposes the patient to a low radiation dose, and the risk of radiation exposure increases with the number of scans performed. 
      2. The test may produce false-positive results, leading to unnecessary biopsies and follow-up tests. LDCT is also a relatively new test, and long-term risks and benefits are not fully known.
2. Chest X-Ray: A chest X-ray is a simple and quick test that uses radiation to produce images of the chest. It can detect lung cancer, but is not as sensitive as other screening tests.
   1. The images are typically interpreted by a radiologist, who reports any suspicious areas to the healthcare provider.
   2. Prerequisites: No special preparation is required for a chest X-ray. 
      1. However, it is important to inform the healthcare provider of any medical conditions, allergies, or medications prior to the test.
      2. Wear simple clothe before undergoing the chest x-ray.
      3. Do not wear jewellery/metal during the test. 
   3. Advantages: Chest X-ray is a simple and quick test that does not require any special preparation. It is also a relatively inexpensive diagnostic test that is widely available.
   4. Disadvantages:
      1. Chest X-ray uses radiation to produce images, and exposure to radiation may increase the risk of developing cancer. 
      2. Additionally, the test may not be as sensitive as other screening tests for lung cancer and may miss small tumours or early-stage lung cancers. 
      3. Chest X-rays also cannot provide detailed images of the lungs and airways, which limits their ability to diagnose lung cancer in its early stages.
3. Bronchoscopy: Bronchoscopy is a medical procedure used to examine the airways and diagnose respiratory conditions such as lung cancer.
   1. Bronchoscopy involves inserting a thin, flexible tube with a light and camera attached into the airways through the nose or mouth.
      The images produced by the camera can be used to examine the airways, diagnose respiratory conditions, and collect tissue samples for biopsy.
   2. Prerequisites: Before undergoing bronchoscopy, it is important to inform the healthcare provider of any medical conditions, allergies, or medications. The patient may be asked to fast for a few hours prior to the procedure.
   3. Advantages: Bronchoscopy allows for a direct examination of the airways and can provide detailed images of the lungs and airways. The procedure is minimally invasive and can be used to diagnose a wide range of respiratory conditions, including lung cancer.
   4. Disadvantages: 
      1. Bronchoscopy may be uncomfortable and cause some mild pain or discomfort during the procedure. 
      2. The procedure may also cause some bleeding or an allergic reaction in some patients. 
      3. In rare cases, bronchoscopy may also cause a lung collapse or a serious infection.

Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer, as the name suggests, is cancer of the colon and the rectum. This cancer begins in the form of polyps. However, all polyps are not malignant. Sarcomas and Lymphomas are two major colorectal cancers. 

Colorectal cancer screening tests are used to detect the presence of cancer in the colon or rectum. Some of the screening tests include:  (8)

1. Colonoscopy: A colonoscopy is a cancer screening test for males that uses a flexible, lighted tube to examine the inside of the colon and rectum for any signs of cancer or polyps. The normal range is no polyps or abnormal growths found during the examination.
   1. Prerequisites: Before the procedure, the patient may be asked to follow a strict diet and take laxatives to clear out the colon.
   2. Advantages: Colonoscopy is a highly effective (accuracy rate of 94%) method for detecting and removing polyps, which can prevent the development of colorectal cancer.
   3. Disadvantages:
      1. Colonoscopy is an invasive procedure that can cause discomfort and complications, such as bleeding or perforation of the colon.
      2. The procedure also requires preparation and sedation, and may miss small polyps or cancers.
2. Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT): The FOBT is a simple test that detects hidden blood in the stool, which can be a sign of colorectal cancer. The normal range is negative, indicating no blood in the stool.
   1. Prerequisites: The patient may be asked to avoid certain foods (such as turnips, broccoli, and red meat) and medications (aspirin and ibuprofen) before the test.
   2. Advantages: The FOBT is a non-invasive, low-cost test that can be done at home.
   3. Disadvantages:
      1. The FOBT may not detect all cases of colorectal cancer,
      2. False positive results can occur.

Testicular Cancer

Testicular cancer is the anomalous growth of the cells of the testicles. Testicular cancer screening tests are used to detect the presence of cancer in the testicles.

1. Physical Examination: A physical exam is a routine examination performed by a healthcare provider to check the testicles for any signs of abnormality.
   1. Prerequisites: No special preparation is needed for a physical exam.
   2. Advantages: A physical exam is a simple and non-invasive method for detecting testicular cancer in its early stages.
   3. Disadvantages: A physical exam may miss small tumours or cancers that are not palpable, and false positive results can occur.
2. Ultrasound: An ultrasound is a diagnostic imaging test that uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images of the inside of the body.
   1. Prerequisites: No special preparation is needed for an ultrasound. Depending on the area being examined, you may need to remove clothing and wear a gown.
   2. Advantages: Ultrasound is a non-invasive method for detecting testicular cancer and can provide additional information about the size and location of a tumour. It provides detailed images of the area being examined 
   3. Disadvantages: Ultrasound may miss small tumours or cancers that are not clearly visible, and false positive results can occur.

Oral Cancer

Oral cancer is cancer of the mouth. It usually develops in men who smoke, consume tobacco, or are exposed to harmful rays of the sun.

Oral cancer screening is a diagnostic test used to detect signs of cancer in the mouth, including the lips, tongue, and throat. The following is a list of prerequisites, advantages, and disadvantages of oral cancer screening:

1. There is no specific normal range for oral cancer screening, as the results are based on visual inspection and physical examination of the mouth. If any suspicious areas are detected, further testing, such as a biopsy, may be necessary to confirm a diagnosis
2. Prerequisites: No special preparation is needed for an oral cancer screening. You should let your dentist know if you have any history of oral cancer or if you use tobacco or alcohol regularly.
3. Advantages: Oral cancer screening is quick, non-invasive, and can detect cancer at an early stage when it is most treatable. Early detection can improve the chances of successful treatment and survival.
4. Disadvantages: False positive results can occur with oral cancer screening, leading to unnecessary anxiety and additional tests. Additionally, oral cancer screening may miss some cancers that are difficult to detect.

Stomach Cancer

Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is a type of cancer that affects the lining of the stomach. It can occur in males and females, but the risk is higher in older adults, those with a family history of stomach cancer, and those with certain medical conditions.

Some of the stomach cancer screening tests for males include.

1. Endoscopy: An endoscopy involves inserting a long, thin, flexible tube with a camera on the end into the mouth, down the throat and into the stomach. The doctor can then examine the inside of the stomach to look for any abnormal growth or changes.
   1. Prerequisites: Before undergoing an endoscopy, a patient should inform their doctor about any medications they are taking, allergies, and any previous surgeries.
      They may be instructed to stop eating and drinking for several hours prior to the procedure. In some cases, the patient may be given a sedative to help them relax and reduce discomfort.
   2. Advantages:
      1. Non-invasive: Endoscopy is a minimally invasive procedure, which means it does not involve making a large incision in the skin.
      2. Accurate diagnosis: Endoscopy allows a doctor to directly visualize the interior of a body cavity or organ, making it easier to diagnose conditions and identify abnormalities.
      3. Early detection: Endoscopy can detect some conditions at an early stage when they are more treatable.
      4. Reduced risk of complications: Endoscopy has a low risk of complications compared to other diagnostic procedures that involve making a large incision in the skin.
   3. Disadvantages:
      1. Risk of complications: Although endoscopy is generally safe, there is still a risk of complications such as bleeding, infection, and perforation (tearing) of the tissue.
      2. Discomfort: Endoscopy can be uncomfortable for some patients, and in some cases, a sedative may be required to manage discomfort.
      3. Preparation: Patients may need to stop eating and drinking for several hours before the procedure, which can be inconvenient.
2. Barium X-ray: A barium X-ray involves drinking a chalky liquid that contains barium, which makes the inside of the stomach visible on an X-ray. This test can help to detect any changes or growths in the stomach.
   1. Prerequisites: Before undergoing a barium X-ray to diagnose cancer, a patient should inform their doctor about any medications they are taking, allergies, and any previous surgeries. They may be instructed to stop eating and drinking for several hours prior to the procedure.
   2. Advantages:
      1. Non-invasive: Barium X-ray is a non-invasive procedure, which means it does not involve making a large incision in the skin.
      2. Accurate diagnosis: Barium X-ray allows a doctor to visualize the digestive tract and identify any abnormalities, making it easier to diagnose conditions and evaluate the extent of cancer.
      3. Reduced risk of complications: Barium X-ray has a low risk of complications compared to other diagnostic procedures that involve making a large incision in the skin.
   3. Disadvantages:
      1. Limited information: Barium X-ray may not be able to provide as much information as other diagnostic procedures, such as endoscopy or CT scans, in evaluating cancer.
      2. Risk of complications: Although barium X-ray is generally safe, there is still a risk of complications such as constipation and an allergic reaction to the contrast material.
      3. Preparation: Patients may need to stop eating and drinking for several hours before the procedure, which can be inconvenient.

Liver Cancer

Liver cancer is the abnormal division of the cells of the liver. Men who are above 60 are more likely to develop liver cancer. Liver cancer screening tests for men typically include the following:

1. Alpha-fetoprotein tumour marker: Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a tumour marker test that measures the level of AFP in the blood. It is commonly used to screen for liver cancer and test for the presence of certain types of cancers such as testicular cancer, ovarian cancer, and germ cell tumours.
   1. The normal range of AFP in the blood is typically less than 10 ng/mL. However, this may vary depending on factors such as age, gender, and overall health.
   2. Prerequisites: There are no specific prerequisites for the AFP test. However, it is advisable to fast for at least 8 hours before the test, as food and drinks can affect the results.
   3. Advantages: The AFP test is a simple, non-invasive test that can detect the presence of cancer in its early stages. Early detection of cancer can lead to more effective treatment and improved outcomes.
   4. Disadvantages: 
      1. The AFP test is not always accurate, and false positive results can occur. This can lead to unnecessary anxiety and further testing. 
      2. Additionally, the test may not be able to detect liver cancer, and a negative result does not necessarily rule out the presence of cancer.
2. CT Scan: A CT scan (Computed Tomography) is a non-invasive imaging test that uses X-rays and computer technology to produce detailed cross-sectional images of the body.
   1. Prerequisites:
      1. Preparation may vary depending on the area of the body being scanned, but generally, you should avoid eating or drinking anything for a few hours before the test.
      2. You may be asked to remove any jewellry or other metal objects that may interfere with the scan.
   2. Advantages:
      1. Provide detailed images of internal organs, bones, and tissues.
      2. Detect small tumours, blood clots, and other abnormalities that may not be visible on traditional X-rays.
      3. Quick and non-invasive, and results are usually available within a day.
   3. Disadvantages:
      1. Expose you to a relatively high dose of ionizing radiation, which may increase your risk of cancer.
      2. Can be expensive, and insurance may not cover the cost of the test.
      3. Can be uncomfortable, especially for people who are claustrophobic.
3. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic test that uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of the liver and surrounding tissues.
   1. Prerequisites:
      1. Patients with metal implants or devices such as pacemakers, cochlear implants, or aneurysm clips may not be able to undergo MRI.
      2. Patients who have kidney problems or are allergic to contrast material may need to take special precautions before undergoing an MRI.
   2. Advantages:
      1. MRI provides detailed images of the liver and surrounding tissues, allowing for accurate diagnosis of liver cancer.
      2. MRI does not use ionizing radiation, making it a safer option for patients compared to other imaging tests such as CT scans.
      3. MRI can also help evaluate the extent of liver cancer and determine the best treatment options.
   3. Disadvantages:
      1. MRI is a longer test and can take up to an hour to complete.
      2. Patients may experience discomfort due to the close proximity to the magnetic field and the need to lie still for an extended period of time.
      3. MRI can be expensive and may not be covered by all insurance plans.

When undergoing cancer screening tests for males, it is important to remember the following:

1. Preparation: Follow any instructions given by your doctor regarding preparation for the test, such as fasting or avoiding certain medications.
2. Understanding the purpose of the test: Make sure you understand the purpose of the test and what it is looking for.
3. Accurate results: Provide accurate and complete information about your medical history, medications, and any symptoms you may be experiencing.
4. Follow-up: If the test results are abnormal, follow-up with your doctor for further evaluation and treatment.
5. Regular screenings: Regular cancer screenings are important for early detection and treatment. Talk to your doctor about the recommended screening schedule for your age, gender, and risk factors.
6. Limitations: Remember that cancer screening tests have limitations and may not detect all cancers. They may also result in false-positive or false-negative results.
7. Cost: Consider the cost of the screening test and whether it is covered by your insurance.
8. Lifestyle changes: Make lifestyle changes, such as eating a healthy diet, exercising regularly, and not smoking, to reduce your risk of developing cancer.

In conclusion, cancer screening tests for males are important for the early detection and prompt treatment of various types of cancer in males. There are various tests available for cancer screening for each of particular cancer that develops in males.

Each test has its own prerequisites, advantages, and disadvantages, and it is important to understand these before undergoing a screening test. It is recommended to consult a doctor to determine the most appropriate screening test based on individual health history, risk factors, and symptoms.

Early detection and prompt treatment can greatly improve the chances of successful treatment and recovery. If you suspect any abnormalities in your body, get yourself tested for cancer today. You can also contact HexaHealth expert. HexaHealth is your one-stop plaform to find the best solutions for every health-related problem. Contact a HexaHealth expert TODAY!